{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:12:15Z","timestamp":1789168335329,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]],"date-time":"2011-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glycolic acid chemical peeling is effective for treating comedones, and some clinical data show that it also improves inflammatory eruptions. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanism of glycolic acid chemical peeling to improve inflammatory acne. To assess growth inhibitory and bactericidal effects of glycolic acid on <jats:italic>Propionibacterium acnes in vitro<\/jats:italic>, we used an agar diffusion method and a time\u2010kill method. To reveal bactericidal effects <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, we established an agar\u2010attached method which correlated well with the ordinary swab\u2010wash method, and we used the agar\u2010attached method to compare the numbers of propionibacteria on the cheek treated with glycolic acid chemical peeling. Our results show that 30% glycolic acid (at pH\u20031.5, 3.5 and 5.5) formed growth inhibitory circles in the agar diffusion method, but the diameters of those circles were smaller than with 1% nadifloxacin lotion or 1% clindamycin gel. In the time\u2010kill method, 30% glycolic acid (at pH\u20031.5 and 3.5) or 1% nadifloxacin lotion reduced the number of <jats:italic>P.\u00a0acnes<\/jats:italic> to less than 100\u2003CFU\/mL within 5\u2003min. In contrast, in 30% glycolic acid (at pH\u20035.5) or in 1% clindamycin gel, <jats:italic>P.\u00a0acnes<\/jats:italic> survived for more than 4\u2003h. Chemical peeling with 35% glycolic acid (at pH\u20031.2) decreased the number of propionibacteria on the cheeks of patients compared with untreated controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01). Our results demonstrate that glycolic acid has moderate growth inhibitory and bactericidal effects on <jats:italic>P.\u00a0acnes<\/jats:italic>, and that chemical peeling with glycolic acid works on inflammatory acne via those effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01321.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]],"date-time":"2011-09-28T06:42:01Z","timestamp":1317192121000},"page":"350-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Glycolic acid chemical peeling improves inflammatory acne eruptions through its inhibitory and bactericidal effects on <i>Propionibacterium acnes<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Yuko","family":"TAKENAKA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobukazu","family":"HAYASHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikiko","family":"TAKEDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"ASHIKAGA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"KAWASHIMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"1347","article-title":"An epidermiological study of acne vulgaris in Japan by questionnaire","volume":"111","author":"Hayashi N","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn J Dermatol B"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00639.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00890.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.08251.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1997.tb00003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.1999.tb01000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","first-page":"1213","article-title":"The usefulness of chemical peeling with 30% glycolic acid (pH 1.5) for acne vulgaris","volume":"13","author":"Hayashi N","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.5.1162","article-title":"Clinical resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin in cutaneous Propionibacterium isolated from acne patients is associated with mutations in 23S rRNA","volume":"41","author":"Ross JI","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.5.941-943.1990","article-title":"Swab\u2010wash method for quantitation of cutaneous microflora","volume":"28","author":"Keyworth N","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne vulgaris","volume":"9","author":"Kurokawa I","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000067822"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.03956.x"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1346-8138.2011.01321.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01321.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T21:16:21Z","timestamp":1698700581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01321.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01321.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01321.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0385-2407","1346-8138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0385-2407","type":"print"},{"value":"1346-8138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]}}}