{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T04:59:28Z","timestamp":1794718768419,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]],"date-time":"2012-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fragment 450\u2013650 of the spike (S) protein (S450\u2013650) of severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2010associated coronavirus (SARS\u2010CoV) contains epitopes capable of being recognized by convalescent sera of SARS patients. Vaccination of mice with recombinant S450\u2013650 (rS450\u2013650) can induce Abs against SARS\u2010CoV, although the titer is relatively low. In the present study, a fusion protein linking a fragment (residues 39\u2013272) of murine calreticulin (CRT) to S450\u2013650 in a prokaryotic expression system was created. Compared with target antigen alone, the recombinant fusion product (rS450\u2013650\u2010CRT) has much improved hydrophilicity and immunogenicity. The S450\u2013650\u2010specific IgG Abs of BALB\/c mice subcutaneously immunized with rS450\u2013650\u2010CRT were in substantially higher titer (approximately fivefold more). Furthermore, the fusion protein, but not rS450\u2013650 alone, was able to elicit S450\u2013650\u2010specific IgG responses in T cell deficient nude mice. Given that rCRT\/39\u2013272 can drive the maturation of bone\u2010marrow\u2010derived dendritic cells, directly activate macrophages and B cells, and also elicit helper T cell responses <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, we propose that fragment 39\u2013272 of CRT is an effective molecular adjuvant capable of enhancing target Ag\u2010specific humoral responses in both a T cell\u2010dependent and independent manner. Fusion protein rS450\u2013650\u2010CRT is a potential candidate vaccine against SARS\u2010CoV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00467.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,24]],"date-time":"2012-04-24T22:23:28Z","timestamp":1335306208000},"page":"554-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Calreticulin as a hydrophilic chimeric molecular adjuvant enhances IgG responses to the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanrong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Ming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085952"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C300520200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.9.4552-4560.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4908"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.7217-7226.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00432-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2004.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200112346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01722-07","article-title":"(2008) Enhancement of antibody responses to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen domain IV by use of calreticulin as a chimeric molecular adjuvant","volume":"76","author":"Park YS","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.9.4638-4645.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.2.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5585-0_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01999.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00111-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg572"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.10.5216-5222.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00932-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00473.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02568-06"}],"container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1348-0421.2012.00467.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00467.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T01:51:25Z","timestamp":1698630685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00467.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00467.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00467.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0385-5600","1348-0421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0385-5600","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-0421","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]]}}}