{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:37:11Z","timestamp":1786646231608,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the introduction of screening mammography in Japan would be expected to reduce mortality from breast cancer, the optimal screening modality in terms of cost\u2010effectiveness remains unclear. We compared the cost\u2010effectiveness ratio, defined as the cost required for a life\u2010year saved, among the following three strategies: (1) annual clinical breast examination; (2) annual clinical breast examination combined with mammography; and (3) biennial clinical breast examination combined with mammography for women aged 30\u201379\u00a0years using a hypothetical cohort of 100\u00a0000. The sensitivity, specificity and early breast cancer rates were derived from studies conducted from 1995 to 2000 in Miyagi Prefecture. The treatment costs were based on a questionnaire survey conducted at 13 institutions in Japan. We used updated parameters that were needed in the analysis. Although the effectiveness of treatment in terms of the number of expected survival years was highest for annual combined modality, biennial combined modality had a higher cost\u2010effectiveness ratio, followed by annual combined modality and annual clinical breast examination in all age groups. In women aged 40\u201349\u00a0years, annual combined modality saved 852.9 lives and the cost\/survival duration was 3\u00a0394\u00a0300\u00a0yen\/year, whereas for biennial combined modality the corresponding figures were 833.8 and 2\u00a0025\u00a0100\u00a0yen\/year, respectively. Annual clinical breast examination did not confer any advantages in terms of effectiveness (815.5 lives saved) or cost\u2010effectiveness (3\u00a0669\u00a0900 yen\/year). While the annual combined modality was the most effective with respect to life\u2010years saved among women aged 40\u201349\u00a0years, biennial combined modality was found to provide the highest cost\u2010effectiveness. (<jats:italic>Cancer Sci<\/jats:italic> 2006; 97: 1242\u20131247)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2006.00296.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T07:44:38Z","timestamp":1156146278000},"page":"1242-1247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cost\u2010effectiveness analysis of screening modalities for breast cancer in Japan with special reference to women aged 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