{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T03:18:52Z","timestamp":1794021532376,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]],"date-time":"2007-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1179792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A pilot study was performed to investigate the safety and feasibility of autologous formalin\u2010fixed tumor vaccines (AFTV) and the clinical responses to these vaccines by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. Twelve primary GBM patients were recruited. Eight had recurrent disease while four had been treated for primary disease but retained a visible tumor mass. AFTV were prepared from formalin\u2010fixed and\/or paraffin\u2010embedded tumor tissue obtained upon surgery and premixed with original adjuvant materials. The patients were given three five\u2010site intradermal inoculations at weekly intervals. A delayed\u2010type hypersensitivity test was performed before and after each vaccination. In addition, the tumor tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to determine whether MIB\u20101, <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic>, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class\u2010I complex expression could predict the response to the treatment. The treatment was well tolerated, with only local erythema, induration, and low\u2010grade fever being reported. Of the 12 patients, one showed a complete response, one showed a partial response, two showed minor responses, one had stable disease, and seven exhibited progressive disease. The median survival period was 10.7\u00a0months from the initiation of the AFTV treatment but three of the five responders survived for 20\u00a0months or more after AFTV inoculation. Low <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic> and high MHC class\u2010I expression by the tumor may help predict the efficacy of this therapy. Thus, the AFTV is safe and feasible, and could significantly improve the outcome of GBM. Further clinical investigations to confirm this are highly desirable. 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