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Theoretical models of addiction falling into the general class of \u2018positive reinforcement theories\u2019 were identified and reviewed. From this review a number of drug effects and patterns of behaviour were distilled and categorized as either vulnerability or dependence indicators. A comparison of those features with the <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases<\/jats:italic> (ICD\u201010) and <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual<\/jats:italic> (DSM\u2010IV) diagnostic systems shows that neither system includes detailed assessment of vulnerability indicators. It is argued that measurement of vulnerability indicators, in addition to dependence indicators, may add to the predictive validity of assessments carried out in early career tobacco users, especially where there is limited evidence of established dependence. 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