{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:58:42Z","timestamp":1792040322952,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,21]],"date-time":"2004-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1098316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim\u2003<\/jats:bold> To translate theoretical dimensions of \u2018social time\u2019 and \u2018clock time\u2019 in addiction treatment settings into empirical measures and to develop a typology of institutional time perspectives.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method\u2003<\/jats:bold> From November 2001 to February 2002, a mail survey was conducted with directors of 57 alcohol and drug clinics in the German\u2010speaking part of Switzerland. Items measured the past and future orientation of the treatment programmes, elements of social time and clock time as part of organizational life and \u2018time bargaining\u2019 between therapists and clients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold> Four clusters of temporal orientations emerged: \u2018clock time keepers\u2019 (who emphasize time control and future pessimism); \u2018nostalgic time riders\u2019 (focus on the \u2018good old days\u2019 but individualized planning); \u2018optimist speeders\u2019 (fast pacing, future control); and \u2018relaxed future optimists\u2019 (also future oriented but not sharing the idea of linear time). The time\u2010frame also influences the negotiation of time in treatment between staff and patients: \u2018relaxed future optimists\u2019 most frequently report diverging views, while \u2018optimist speeders\u2019 seem to harmonize the views of patients and treatment staff more easily. Finally, the introduction of the harm reduction policy seems to covary with the ways in which time is viewed and used in treatment organizations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> Treatment programmes differ in their view and use of time. Organizational times with varying dynamics, future\u2013past orientations and time control interact with the organizational structure and socio\u2010environmental factors. The capacity of programmes to adapt to changes in treatment policy and in the treatment system depends to some extent on organizational time orientation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00844.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,21]],"date-time":"2004-10-21T16:17:29Z","timestamp":1098375449000},"page":"1418-1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Times for healing: towards a typology of time\u2010frames in Swiss alcohol and drug clinics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Harald","family":"Klingemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Schibli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Timewatch. 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