{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T02:32:41Z","timestamp":1789439561820,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,11]],"date-time":"2005-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1113177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims\u2003<\/jats:bold> To identify good and bad behaviors by bar staff in aggressive incidents, the extent these behaviors apparently reflect aggressive intent, and the association of aggressive staff behavior with level of aggression by patrons.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design, setting and participants\u2003<\/jats:bold> Data on staff behavior in incidents of aggression were collected by 148 trained observers in bars and clubs on Friday and Saturday night between midnight and 2 a.m. in Toronto, Canada. Behaviors of 809 staff involved in 417 incidents at 74 different bars\/clubs were analysed using descriptive statistics and three\u2010level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements\u2003<\/jats:bold> Observers\u2019 ratings of 28 staff behaviors were used to construct two scales that measured escalating\/aggressive aspects of staff behavior. Apparent intent level for bar staff was dichotomized into (1) no aggressive intent versus (2) probable or definite aggressive intent. Five levels of patron aggression were defined: no aggression, non\u2010physical, minor physical, moderate physical and severe physical.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold> The most common aggressive behaviors of staff were identified. Staff were most aggressive when patrons were either non\u2010aggressive or highly aggressive and staff were least aggressive when patrons exhibited non\u2010physical aggression or minor physical aggression. Taking apparent intent into consideration decreased staff aggression scores for incidents in which patrons were highly aggressive indicating that some aggression by staff in these instances had non\u2010aggressive intent (e.g. to prevent injury); however, apparent intent had little effect on staff aggression scores in incidents with non\u2010aggressive patrons.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2003<\/jats:bold> Although there is potential for staff to act as guardians or handlers, they often themselves became offenders when they responded to barroom problems. The practical implications are different for staff aggression with nonaggressive patrons versus with aggressive patrons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01075.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T23:05:03Z","timestamp":1118531103000},"page":"755-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Guardians and handlers: the role of bar staff in preventing and managing aggression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Bernards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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