{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T21:18:49Z","timestamp":1778015929615,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,18]],"date-time":"2006-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1145318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2003<\/jats:bold> Few studies describe cannabis use in indigenous populations, and no longitudinal studies are available in Australia. We conducted 3\u2010year follow\u2010up interviews and assessments in Aboriginal communities in Arnhem Land (Northern Territory, NT).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2003<\/jats:bold> A randomly selected sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003161; 80 males, 81 females aged 13\u201336 years) was assessed in October 2001 and then reassessed in September 2004. An opportunistically recruited sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003104; 53 males, 51 females aged 13\u201336 years) was also interviewed in 2001 and followed\u2010up in 2004. Cannabis and other substance use were determined by combining proxy assessments by local Aboriginal health workers, medical records and data from interviews. Changes in cannabis use and symptoms of misuse were assessed using McNemar's test for paired proportions and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Logistic regression assessed associations between clinical presentations and cannabis use at both time\u2010points.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2003<\/jats:bold> Those who used cannabis at both baseline and follow\u2010up were at greater risk than those who never used it to have suffered: auditory hallucinations; suicidal ideation; and imprisonment. In the randomly selected cohort there were fewer cannabis users at follow\u2010up than at baseline (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=\u20030.003). The reduction was evident in females generally (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=\u20030.008) and older males (aged\u2003=\u200316 at baseline) (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=\u20030.007). In those interviewed at both baseline and follow\u2010up we measured no statistically significant reduction in frequency and levels of use, although fewer cannabis users reported symptoms of misuse such as: fragmented thought processes; memory disruption; difficulties controlling use; and auditory and visual hallucinations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> Modest reductions in cannabis use and its consequences in this population were demonstrated. These may be the result of enhanced supply control and broader socio\u2010political changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01393.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,18]],"date-time":"2006-04-18T20:15:58Z","timestamp":1145391358000},"page":"696-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Changes in cannabis use and its consequences over 3 years in a remote indigenous population in northern Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Clough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim S. Kylie","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheree","family":"Cairney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Maruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridie","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"D\u2019Abbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Conigrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.10.1531"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230412331324509"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0959523021000023207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04849.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239500185221"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03311.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","volume-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey: State and Territory","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"S8","article-title":"Variances in the etiology of drug use among ethnic groups of adolescents","volume":"117","author":"Beauvais F.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00340-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.10.1033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940410028398"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for health behaviours of American Indians and Alaska Natives: findings from the behavioural risk factor surveillance system","volume":"52","author":"Denny C. 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