{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:42:32Z","timestamp":1760384552146},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]],"date-time":"2006-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims\u2003<\/jats:bold> Home\u2010made preparation of heroin is common in countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU), and the addition of blood during its preparation and the use of contaminated syringes to distribute it may play a role in the rapid spread of HIV\u20101 among injecting drug users (IDUs). This study was designed to determine the viability of HIV\u20101 during these procedures.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\u2003<\/jats:bold> Field observations of home\u2010made opiate manufacture in four FSU countries were used to develop a consensus protocol to replicate manufacture in the laboratory that included the addition of human blood contaminated with HIV\u20101.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design and measurement\u2003<\/jats:bold> Following the addition of HIV\u20101\u2010contaminated blood during manufacture or storage, we attempted to recover viable HIV\u20101. The recovery was measured by propagation of the virus in stimulated white blood cells from uninfected donors.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold> In experiments in which HIV\u20101 contaminated blood was added during manufacture, no viable HIV\u20101 was recovered. In experiments in which chornaya was introduced into HIV\u2010contaminated syringes, the percentage of syringes containing viable HIV\u20101 was reduced. The reduction appeared to be related to the interaction of HIV\u20101 contaminated blood with a component of the poppies. While HIV\u2010contaminated syringes used to dispense or inject home\u2010made opiates might transmit HIV, the ability of chornaya to reduce HIV viability seems to make this route of transmission less efficient.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> The epidemic of HIV\u20101 among IDUs in the FSU resulted more probably from recognized injection risk behaviors\u2014including sharing syringes and drug solutions\u2014than from opiate solutions harboring viable HIV\u20101.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01409.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]],"date-time":"2006-03-23T14:02:21Z","timestamp":1143122541000},"page":"731-737","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Can home\u2010made injectable opiates contribute to the HIV epidemic among injection drug users in the countries of the former Soviet Union?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Abdala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Paul C.","family":"Grund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanis","family":"Tolstov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei P.","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Heimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12831-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2003.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","volume-title":"2004 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic.","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"The determinants of the spread of HIV among injection drug addicts in Ukraine","volume":"1","author":"Kobyshcha I.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zhurnal Mikrobiologiy Epidemiologiy I Immunobiologiy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922299310007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201750056816"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2004.20.1134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269902900402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199814000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905070-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94913235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00521-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00070-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260003000204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200209060-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2003.10400488"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Harm Reduction in Russia","author":"Anonymous","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200201250-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.7.1787-1794.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.9.2312-2315.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199901010-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.3.545"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199112000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.3.732-739.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","unstructured":"Normand J. 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