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Nicotine and alcohol\/opiate dependence have many similarities (e.g. both can cause withdrawal). Among the several differences, the most important is that nicotine dependence does not cause acute behavioral impairment. Some of the generic dependence criteria do not apply to nicotine dependence (e.g. giving up activities to use the drug) and some well\u2010validated measures of nicotine dependence (e.g. time to first cigarette) are not included in the generic criteria.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2003<\/jats:bold>Empirical tests of the relative utility of generic versus drug\u2010specific criteria are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01588.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T08:03:35Z","timestamp":1155024215000},"page":"134-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Should criteria for drug dependence differ across drugs?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","volume-title":"Commonalities in Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior","author":"Levinson P. 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