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When examined by discriminant analysis, crack users in the study population were more likely to have: no permanent housing, have illegal and sex work income, indicate physical health problems and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies, use walk\u2010in clinics, use heroin and to have been arrested and in detention (in past year). They were less likely to report depressive symptoms, and use Dilaudid (hydromorphone) and alcohol.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2003<\/jats:bold> These results illustrate crack users' pronounced social marginalization (as expressed by homelessness and high involvement in illegal activities) as well as extensive health problems compared to non\u2010crack users in the Canadian context. The development of targeted interventions\u2014addressing the dynamics of social marginalization\u2014of this population is urgently needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01614.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,4]],"date-time":"2006-10-04T07:46:36Z","timestamp":1159947996000},"page":"1760-1770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Crack across Canada: comparing crack users and crack non\u2010users in a Canadian multi\u2010city cohort of illicit opioid users"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayadeep","family":"Patra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Kalousek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Haydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tyndall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nady","family":"El\u2010Guebaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","volume-title":"Reducing the Harm Associated with Injecting Drug Use in Canada.","author":"Federal\/Provincial\/Territorial Committee on Injection Drug Use.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","first-page":"1709","article-title":"Injection drug use and preventive measures: a comparison of Canadian and Western European jurisdictions over time","volume":"162","author":"Fischer B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269102100110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Crack pipe as pimp: an ethnographic investigation of sex\u2010for\u2010crack exchanges","author":"Ratner M. 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