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This study aimed to (i) identify the trajectories for methamphetamine use; (ii) explore factors related to methamphetamine use; and (iii) determine factors which predict changes in usage over a year.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design\u2003<\/jats:bold> This analysis utilized hierarchical linear modeling to identify the trajectories for methamphetamine use and explore factors related to patterns of methamphetamine use.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Participants\u2003<\/jats:bold> A sample of 293 gay and bisexual men who indicated methamphetamine use at baseline were drawn from Project BUMPS (Boys Using Multiple Party Substances), which was a longitudinal, mixed\u2010methodologies study of 450 club drug\u2010using gay and bisexual men.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements\u2003<\/jats:bold> Participant<jats:bold>s<\/jats:bold> were assessed via quantitative measures in four waves of data collection over the course of a year (baseline, 4, 8 and 12 months post\u2010baseline).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold> Frequency of methamphetamine use is related to reliance on the drug to avoid unpleasant emotions and physical discomfort, outcome expectancies for use and combining the drug with Viagra. Those with higher levels of drug\u2010related sensation\u2010seeking and those who combine use with Viagra show more consistent use over time, although a decrease in use is noted for most of the sample.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> Longitudinal analyses support the idea that methamphetamine is used by gay men to mask feelings of discomfort and to enhance sensations as well as sexual pleasure. Longitudinal non\u2010intervention studies of drug use may have intervention\u2010like effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01769.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,27]],"date-time":"2007-02-27T14:51:26Z","timestamp":1172587886000},"page":"76-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Multi\u2010level modeling to explain methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual men"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Perry N.","family":"Halkitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preetika Pandey","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Palamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(96)00098-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v41n02_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260303300207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v21n01_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224497809550999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J236v03n03_09"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269902900110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HalkitisP. 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