{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:56:56Z","timestamp":1788199016518,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,23]],"date-time":"2007-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim\u2003<\/jats:bold>To analyze data from a randomized clinical trial to determine the cost\u2010effectiveness of using contingency management (CM) and motivational\/skills building therapy (motivational enhancement therapy\/cognitive\u2010behavioral therapy: MET\/CBT) to treat young adults with marijuana dependence.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Participants, design and measurements\u2003<\/jats:bold>A total of 136 marijuana\u2010dependent young adults, all referred by the criminal justice system, were randomized to one of four treatment conditions: MET\/CBT with CM, MET\/CBT without CM, drug counseling (DC) with CM and DC without CM. Patient outcome measures include the longest duration of confirmed marijuana abstinence (LDA) during treatment and the total number of marijuana\u2010free urine specimens provided during treatment. Costs were collected retrospectively from the provider and include the costs of therapy, patient drug testing, and those associated with the incentives component (value of vouchers, time to administer the voucher system).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\u2003<\/jats:bold>Out\u2010patient substance abuse clinic in New Haven, Connecticut, USA.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold>Which treatment is the most cost\u2010effective depends on the threshold values of an additional week of LDA or an additional marijuana\u2010free urine specimen. For example, the most effective treatment, MET\/CBT with CM, was also the most cost\u2010effective treatment at the highest threshold values, while the least effective treatment, DC, was the most cost\u2010effective at the lowest values. Because consensus threshold values for these patient outcomes do not exist, results are presented showing the ranges of values over which each treatment would be considered cost\u2010effective compared to the others. Acceptability curves are presented to show the decision uncertainty associated with these ranges. The results are shown to be robust to (i) sensitivity analyses on several key cost parameters and (ii) patient outcomes measured during the 6\u2010month follow\u2010up period.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold>This study uses incremental cost\u2010effectiveness ratios and acceptability curves to shed light on the relative cost\u2010effectiveness of four interventions for treating young adults with marijuana dependence. Given the relatively small and specialized nature of our study sample, and the fact that we examined a CM procedure with a single reinforcement schedule, additional studies are warranted to determine the reliability and generalizability of our results both to alternative marijuana\u2010using populations and to CM procedures with alternative incentive parameters. Nevertheless, the relative durability of effects of MET\/CBT compared to DC through the 6\u2010month follow\u2010up, and its cost\u2010effectiveness over a comparatively wide range of threshold values, underscores the promise of this approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01909.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,23]],"date-time":"2007-07-23T09:47:10Z","timestamp":1185184030000},"page":"1443-1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The cost\u2010effectiveness of four treatments for marijuana dependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Olmstead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody L.","family":"Sindelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline J.","family":"Easton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.23.3.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404040118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.5.955"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.3.455"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.6.1051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Treating and Preventing Adolescent Mental Health Disorders: What We Know and What We Don't Know","author":"Commission on Adolescent Substance and Alcohol Abuse.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105504901750227822"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.10.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-120023460"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.3.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2003.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X03254349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01689.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96912676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199609000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075484-200407000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9802200503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-176X(200003)3:1<11::AID-MHP66>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","volume-title":"Twelve Step Facilitation Therapy for Drug Abuse and Dependence","author":"Baker S. 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