{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:57:22Z","timestamp":1774468642515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,2]],"date-time":"2010-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims\u2003<\/jats:bold>Although illicit drug purity is a widely discussed health risk, research explaining its geographic variation within a country is rare. This study examines whether proximity to the US\u2013Mexico border, the United States' primary drug import portal, is associated with geographic variation in US methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine purity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design\u2003<\/jats:bold>Distances (proximity) between the US\u2013Mexico border and locations of methamphetamine, cocaine and heroin seizures\/acquisitions (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003239\u2003070) recorded in STRIDE (System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence) were calculated for the period of 1990\u20132004. The association of drug purity with these distances and other variables, including time and seizure\/acquisition size, was examined using hierarchical multivariate linear modeling (HMLM).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\u2003<\/jats:bold>Coterminous United States.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold>Methamphetamine, cocaine and heroin purity generally decreased with distance from the US\u2013Mexico border. Heroin purity, however, after initially declining with distance, turned upwards\u2014a U\u2010shaped association. During 2000\u201304, methamphetamine purity also had a U\u2010shaped association with distance. For each of the three drugs, temporal changes in the purity of small acquisitions (&lt;10\u2003g) were typically more dynamic in areas closer to the US\u2013Mexico border.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold>Geographic variance in methamphetamine, cocaine and heroin purity throughout the coterminous United States was associated with US\u2013Mexico border proximity. The U\u2010shaped associations between border\u2010distance and purity for heroin and methamphetamine may be due to imports of those drugs via the eastern United States and southeast Canada, respectively. That said, areas closer to the US\u2013Mexico border generally had relatively high illicit drug purity, as well as more dynamic change in the purity of small (\u2018retail level\u2019) drug amounts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03032.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T01:04:03Z","timestamp":1281920643000},"page":"1785-1798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Proximity to the US\u2013Mexico border: a key to explaining geographic variation in US methamphetamine, cocaine and heroin purity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"James K.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane Carlisle","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Octavio","family":"Campollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn I.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lon\u2010Mu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Lin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00159-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350140035021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200010000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(02)00250-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200304000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.249.4969.631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07478-1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine self\u2010administered to human subjects by smoking S\u2010(+)\u2010methamphetamine hydrochloride","volume":"21","author":"Cook C. 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