{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:23:59Z","timestamp":1783344239866,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]],"date-time":"2011-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims\u2003<\/jats:bold> Due to the chronicity of cocaine dependence, practical and effective maintenance interventions are needed to sustain long\u2010term abstinence. We sought to assess the effects of long\u2010term employment\u2010based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence after discontinuation of the intervention.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design\u2003<\/jats:bold> Participants who initiated sustained opiate and cocaine abstinence during a 6\u2010month abstinence reinforcement and training program worked as data entry operators and were randomly assigned to a group that could work independently of drug use (control, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200324), or an abstinence\u2010contingent employment (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200327) group that was required to provide cocaine\u2010 and opiate\u2010negative urine samples to work and maintain maximum rate of pay.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\u2003<\/jats:bold> A non\u2010profit data entry business.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Participants\u2003<\/jats:bold> Unemployed welfare recipients who persistently used cocaine while in methadone treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements\u2003<\/jats:bold> Urine samples and self\u2010reports were collected every 6 months for 30 months.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold> During the employment year, abstinence\u2010contingent employment participants provided significantly more cocaine\u2010negative samples than controls (82.7% and 54.2%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.01, OR\u2003=\u20034.61). During the follow\u2010up year, the groups had similar rates of cocaine\u2010negative samples (44.2% and 50.0%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.93) and human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviors. Participants' social, employment, economic and legal conditions were similar in the two groups across all phases of the study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> Employment\u2010based reinforcement effectively maintains long\u2010term cocaine abstinence, but many patients relapse to use when the abstinence contingency is discontinued, even after a year of abstinence\u2010contingent employment. Relapse could be prevented in many patients by leaving employment\u2010based abstinence reinforcement in place indefinitely, which could be facilitated by integrating it into typical workplaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03364.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,13]],"date-time":"2011-01-13T12:48:13Z","timestamp":1294922893000},"page":"960-967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Employment\u2010based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: post\u2010intervention outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"DeFulio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X07307315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550880802122554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711003010049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.6.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.04200020065009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1151\/ascp074145"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.13.1689"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.10.3.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06111851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130051098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.5.839"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.9.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03393181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.1.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.8.3.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445504272600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2008.41-499"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","first-page":"S281","article-title":"An automated version of the Risk Assessment Battery (RAB): enhancing the assessment of risk behaviors","volume":"10","author":"Navaline H. 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