{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:44:53Z","timestamp":1792205093478,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,5]],"date-time":"2011-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims\u2003<\/jats:bold> Repeated drug exposure can lead to an approach\u2010bias, i.e. the relatively automatically triggered tendencies to approach rather that avoid drug\u2010related stimuli. Our main aim was to study this approach\u2010bias in heavy cannabis users with the newly developed cannabis Approach Avoidance Task (cannabis\u2010AAT) and to investigate the predictive relationship between an approach\u2010bias for cannabis\u2010related materials and levels of cannabis use, craving, and the course of cannabis use.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design, settings and participants\u2003<\/jats:bold> Cross\u2010sectional assessment and six\u2010month follow\u2010up in 32 heavy cannabis users and 39 non\u2010using controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements\u2003<\/jats:bold> Approach and avoidance action\u2010tendencies towards cannabis and neutral images were assessed with the cannabis AAT. During the AAT, participants pulled or pushed a joystick in response to image orientation. To generate additional sense of approach or avoidance, pulling the joystick increased picture size while pushing decreased it. Craving was measured pre\u2010 and post\u2010test with the multi\u2010factorial Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ). Cannabis use frequencies and levels of dependence were measured at baseline and after a six\u2010month follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold> Heavy cannabis users demonstrated an approach\u2010bias for cannabis images, as compared to controls. The approach\u2010bias predicted changes in cannabis use at six\u2010month follow\u2010up. The pre\u2010test MCQ emotionality and expectancy factor were associated negatively with the approach\u2010bias. No effects were found on levels of cannabis dependence.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> Heavy cannabis users with a strong approach\u2010bias for cannabis are more likely to increase their cannabis use. This approach\u2010bias could be used as a predictor of the course of cannabis use to identify individuals at risk from increasing cannabis use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03475.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,25]],"date-time":"2011-04-25T06:13:30Z","timestamp":1303712010000},"page":"1667-1674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Reaching out towards cannabis: approach\u2010bias in heavy cannabis users predicts changes in cannabis use"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Janna","family":"Cousijn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Goudriaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinout W.","family":"Wiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","volume-title":"World Drug Report","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02064.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1584"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2008.00454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200402000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00065-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2158-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.20.3.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00018-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.14.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710801030263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01218.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1264-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200509000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.15.2.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02775.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903047298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","first-page":"219","volume-title":"The Psychology of Evaluation: Affective Processes in Cognition and Emotion","author":"De Houwer J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","volume-title":"National Adult Reading Test","author":"Nelson H. 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