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We searched electronic research databases, specialist journals and the EMCDDA library for relevant studies until January 2011. Review conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2003<\/jats:bold> Twenty\u2010one studies were identified: six experimental and 15 observational. OMT was associated significantly with reduced heroin use, injecting and syringe\u2010sharing in prison if doses were adequate. Pre\u2010release OMT was associated significantly with increased treatment entry and retention after release if arrangements existed to continue treatment. For other outcomes, associations with pre\u2010release OMT were weaker. Four of five studies found post\u2010release reductions in heroin use. Evidence regarding crime and re\u2010incarceration was equivocal. There was insufficient evidence concerning HIV\/HCV incidence. There was limited evidence that pre\u2010release OMT reduces post\u2010release mortality. Disruption of OMT continuity, especially due to brief periods of imprisonment, was associated with very significant increases in HCV incidence.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> Benefits of prison OMT are similar to those in community settings. OMT presents an opportunity to recruit problem opioid users into treatment, to reduce illicit opioid use and risk behaviours in prison and potentially minimize overdose risks on release. If liaison with community\u2010based programmes exists, prison OMT facilitates continuity of treatment and longer\u2010term benefits can be achieved. For prisoners in OMT before imprisonment, prison OMT provides treatment continuity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03676.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,29]],"date-time":"2011-09-29T11:01:10Z","timestamp":1317294070000},"page":"501-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":222,"title":["The effectiveness of opioid maintenance treatment in prison settings: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Hedrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heino","family":"St\u00f6ver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Mayet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","volume-title":"Substitution Maintenance Therapy in the Management of Opioid Dependence and HIV\/AIDS Prevention: Position Paper","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid\u2010Dependence","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"TilsonH. 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