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Ibiza has a large international night\u2010life resort associated with clubs, music and use of recreational drugs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design, setting and participants\u2003<\/jats:bold> Hair samples were collected prospectively from January to March 2010 from a cohort of consecutive mothers after giving birth in the Hospital Can Misses in Ibiza.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements\u2003<\/jats:bold> Opiates, cocaine, cannabis, methadone, amphetamines, 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and their metabolites were detected in a 3\u2010cm\u2010long proximal segment of maternal hair corresponding to the last trimester of pregnancy by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003107). Data on socio\u2010demographic characteristics and on tobacco, alcohol, drugs of prescription and drugs of abuse consumption during pregnancy were collected using a structured questionnaire.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings\u2003<\/jats:bold> Hair analysis showed an overall 16% positivity for drugs of abuse in the third trimester of pregnancy, with a specific prevalence of cannabis, cocaine, MDMA and opiates use of 10.3, 6.4, 0.9 and 0%, respectively. In the questionnaires, only 1.9% of mothers declared using drugs of abuse during pregnancy. Gestational drug of abuse consumption was associated with active tobacco smoking, a higher number of smoked cigarettes and the mother being Spanish.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2003<\/jats:bold> Illicit drug use is substantially under\u2010reported among pregnant women living in Ibiza, particularly among Spanish nationals. Voluntary, routine objective biological toxicology screening should be considered as part of routine examinations in antenatal clinics on this Mediterranean island.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03828.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T18:05:30Z","timestamp":1328119530000},"page":"1471-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Assessment of exposure to drugs of abuse during pregnancy by hair analysis in a Mediterranean island"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Friguls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Joya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Garcia\u2010Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"G\u00f3mez\u2010Culebras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Pichini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Vall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Garcia\u2010Algar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 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