{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:37:54Z","timestamp":1788341874694,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>This study examined the feasibility and efficacy of behavioral incentives for reducing cigarette smoking among pregnant methadone\u2010maintained patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>Participants (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009102) were assigned randomly to: (i) contingent behavioral incentives (CBI<\/jats:styled-content>: n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200942); (ii) non\u2010contingent behavioral incentives (NCBI<\/jats:styled-content>: n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928); or (iii) treatment as usual (TAU<\/jats:styled-content>: n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Setting<\/jats:title>Study procedures were implemented at the Center for Addiction and Pregnancy in Baltimore, MD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Participants<\/jats:title>Study participants were pregnant, methadone\u2010maintained women enrolled in substance use disorder treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Measurements<\/jats:title>Baseline carbon monoxide (CO<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>) levels were calculated for each participant. Subsequently, breath samples were tested three times weekly to measure changes in smoking behavior. CBI<\/jats:styled-content> participants received incentives for target reductions from baseline: any reduction (week 1); 10% reduction (weeks 2\u20134), 25% reduction (weeks 5\u20137), 50% reduction (weeks 8\u20139), 75% reduction (week 10\u201311); and abstinence [CO<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<\u20094\u2009parts per million (p.p.m.)] (week 12 until delivery). NCBI<\/jats:styled-content> participants received incentives independent of smoking CO<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> measurement results. TAU<\/jats:styled-content> participants received no incentives, the standard treatment at the program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>CBI<\/jats:styled-content> condition participants submitted significantly lower mean CO<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> values than the NCBI<\/jats:styled-content> and TAU<\/jats:styled-content> conditions over the course of the intervention (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.0001). Nearly half (48%) of the CBI<\/jats:styled-content> participants met the 75% smoking reduction target and one\u2010third (31%) met the abstinence target at week 12. In contrast, none of the NCBI<\/jats:styled-content> met either the 75% or abstinence targets. Only 2% of the TAU<\/jats:styled-content> participants met the 75% reduction and none of the TAU<\/jats:styled-content> participants met the abstinence targets. These smoking behavior reductions did not yield significant differences in birth outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Cigarette smoking may be reduced significantly among pregnant, methadone\u2010maintained women through the use of contingent reinforcement for gradual reductions in breath carbon monoxide levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03923.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T20:03:24Z","timestamp":1340309004000},"page":"1868-1877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Contingent incentives reduce cigarette smoking among pregnant, methadone\u2010maintained women: results of an initial feasibility and efficacy randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Tuten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Fitzsimons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret S.","family":"Chisolm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Nuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Drug and Alcohol Research University of Kentucky Lexington, KY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendree E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA"},{"name":"RTI International Research Triangle Park NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(05)80042-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Effect of maternal cigarette smoking on pregnancy complications and sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"40","author":"DiFranza J. 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