{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T04:39:48Z","timestamp":1770439188127,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,5]],"date-time":"2012-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Determine the effect of traumatic event re\u2010exposure and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>) symptom severity on proximal drug use and drug abuse treatment\u2010seeking in syringe exchange participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective longitudinal 16\u2010month cohort study of new syringe exchange registrants enrolled in a parent study of methods to improve treatment engagement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected in a research van next to mobile syringe exchange distribution sites in Baltimore, Maryland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male and female (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009162) injecting drug users (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IDU<\/jats:styled-content>s) registered for syringe exchange.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traumatic event re\u2010exposure was identified each month with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>raumatic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ife <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>vents <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Q<\/jats:styled-content>uestionnaire. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms were measured with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>odified <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD S<\/jats:styled-content>ymptom <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>evised, given every 4 months. Outcome measures collected monthly were days of drug use (heroin, cocaine) and drug abuse treatment\u2010seeking behavior (interest, calls to obtain treatment, treatment participation).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each traumatic event re\u2010exposure was associated with about 1 more day of cocaine use after accounting for the previous month's cocaine use [same month adjusted B, standard error\u2009=\u20091.16 (0.34); 1 month later: 0.99 (0.34)], while <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms had no effect. Traumatic event re\u2010exposure increased interest in drug abuse treatment [same month adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals\u2009=\u20091.34 (1.11\u20131.63)] and calling to obtain treatment [same month 1.58 (1.24\u20132.01); 1 month later 1.34 (1.03\u20131.75)]. Each 10% increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> symptom severity was associated with persistent increased interest in treatment [same month 1.25 (1.10\u20131.42); 1 month later 1.16 (1.02\u20131.32); 2 months later 1.16 (1.02\u20131.32)] and calling to obtain treatment [same month 1.16 (1.02\u20131.32)]. Neither traumatic events nor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms were associated with participants receiving treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Becoming exposed again to traumatic events among injecting drug users is associated with an increase in cocaine use up to 1 month later, but drug use is not related to post\u2010traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Both traumatic event re\u2010exposure and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder symptoms predict drug abuse treatment\u2010seeking behavior for up to 2 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04003.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]],"date-time":"2012-07-06T12:45:26Z","timestamp":1341578726000},"page":"146-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prospective effects of traumatic event re\u2010exposure and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder in syringe exchange participants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Peirce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Brooner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Kolodner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Schacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Kidorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9619-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00048-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.10.2.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(99)00088-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01711.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990500479522"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2008.01077.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2009.72.3.222"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.090514"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.2.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.058925"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2009.01136.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.100057"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2004.65.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-008-9267-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9545295.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00001576"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-200047937"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.11.988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.11.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200008000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.15.2.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1999.60.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089209047332"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999509095231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01203.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02560.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.12.2.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191104269954"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015578"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"The Modified PTSD Symptom Scale: a brief self\u2010report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"16","author":"Falsetti S. A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav Therapist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024467507565"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","volume-title":"Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models","author":"McCulloch C. E.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.11.1065"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(97)00315-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.13.2.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60232-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","volume-title":"The NSDUH Report: Demographic and Geographic Variations in Injection Drug Use","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.1.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice\u2014Federal Bureau of Investigation.Table 6. Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area.Crime in the United States 2010.2010. Available at:http:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/about\u2010us\/cjis\/ucr\/crime\u2010in\u2010the\u2010u.s\/2010\/crime\u2010in\u2010the\u2010u.s.\u20102010\/tables\/table\u20106(accessed 8 December 2011; archived by WebCite\u00aeathttp:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/64kFemgJf)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(00)00104-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2010.540277"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990600919435"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(99)00030-4"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2012.04003.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04003.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T04:32:02Z","timestamp":1698640322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04003.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04003.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04003.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-06-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-10-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}