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Outcomes for each substance: (i) time (weeks) from hospital discharge to first use; (ii) time from discharge to onset of sustained (\u226526 weeks) remission from dependence; (iii) time from onset of sustained remission to relapse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Substance\u2010induced major depression significantly predicted post\u2010discharge use of alcohol, cocaine and heroin (hazard ratios 4.7, 5.3 and 6.5, respectively). Among patients achieving stable remissions from dependence, independent major depression predicted relapse to alcohol and cocaine dependence (hazard ratios 2.3 and 2.7, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Substance\u2010induced and independent major depressions were both related to post\u2010discharge use of alcohol, cocaine and heroin. The findings suggest the importance of clinical attention to both types of depression in substance abusing patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04010.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]],"date-time":"2012-07-06T12:48:47Z","timestamp":1341578927000},"page":"115-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Effects of independent and substance\u2010induced major depressive disorder on remission and relapse of alcohol, cocaine and heroin dependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Sharon","family":"Samet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam C.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University  New York 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