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Psychological distress was indexed by the combined <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>oldberg <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>nxiety and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>epression scale scores and alcohol problems by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>lcohol <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>se <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>isorders <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>dentification <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>est (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUDIT<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four thousand one hundred and sixty people (84% of baseline) were re\u2010interviewed at 8 years: 4126 reported their self\u2010harm status. Past year self\u2010harm was reported by 8.2% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 7.4\u20139.0%) of participants [males: 9.3% (8.0\u201310.6%), females: 7.3% (6.2\u20138.4%)]. Several forms of substance use\u2014smoking (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.52), marijuana use (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.77) and drinking alcohol at a level likely to cause dependence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUDIT<\/jats:styled-content> score\u2009\u2265\u200920) (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20092.08)\u2014were independently predictive of past year self\u2010harm. Additional key risk factors for self\u2010harm in the past year were childhood sexual abuse by a parent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20093.07), bisexual orientation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20092.65), younger age (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20092.23) and male gender (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.86). Other independent predictors were years of education, adverse life events, psychological distress and financial strain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self\u2010harm in young and middle\u2010aged adults appears to be associated with current smoking, marijuana and \u2018dependent\u2019 alcohol use. Other independent predictors include younger age, male gender, bisexual orientation, financial strain, education level, psychological distress, adverse life events and sexual abuse by a parent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04021.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,13]],"date-time":"2012-07-13T21:12:45Z","timestamp":1342213965000},"page":"211-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Self\u2010harm, substance use and psychological distress in the <scp>A<\/scp>ustralian general population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Carl I.","family":"Moller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing Australian National University  Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Research Australian National University  Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology 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