{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:11:32Z","timestamp":1726485092924},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]],"date-time":"2012-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smoking is an increasing cause of health inequalities in high\u2010income countries. This supplement describes pilot projects set up in England to develop and test pathways to ensure that disadvantaged groups, where smoking is frequently the norm, are reached, encouraged and supported to stop their tobacco use. Target groups were: smokers attending centres set up for highly deprived parents; smokers with serious and enduring mental illness; pregnant smokers; prisoners\/other offenders who smoked; South Asian tobacco chewers; and recent quitters from \u2018routine and manual\u2019 occupational groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Commonalities observed across the six projects are summarized, alongside recommendations for implementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant barrier to implementation was the lack of mandatory identification of tobacco users across primary, secondary and community health\u2010care settings and routine use of expired air carbon monoxide monitoring, particularly for high\u2010risk groups. Appropriate use of financial incentives and national guidance is probably necessary to achieve both this and the adoption of \u2018joined\u2010up\u2019 tobacco dependence treatment pathways for these target groups. Further research is needed on the impact of \u2018opt out\u2019 pathways: while resulting in increased referral rates, success rates were lower. In general, smoking cessation service targets were a barrier to implementation. Flexibility and tailoring of interventions were required and most projects trained those already working in relevant settings, given their greater understanding of target groups. Mandatory training of all frontline health\u2010care staff was deemed desirable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Implementing the findings of these projects will require resources, for training, incentivizing health\u2010care workers and further research. However, continuing with the <jats:italic>status quo<\/jats:italic> may result in sustained tobacco use health inequalities for the foreseeable future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04080.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]],"date-time":"2012-11-02T14:29:33Z","timestamp":1351866573000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Developing the evidence base for addressing inequalities and smoking in the <scp>U<\/scp>nited <scp>K<\/scp>ingdom"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Ann","family":"McNeill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Amos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"McEwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freelance Consultant  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Croghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Lifestyle Services North 51  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.2011.06202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68975-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-011-0027-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes","author":"David A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7242.1102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fds012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Health in Scotland 2010: Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer","author":"Chief Medical Officer","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Homelessness Smoking and Health","author":"Crosier A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Smoking and Patients with Mental Health Problems","author":"McNeill A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Tobacco Control, Inequalities in Health and Action at a Local Level","author":"Amos A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"McNeillA. 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