{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:33:11Z","timestamp":1791073991157,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,29]],"date-time":"2004-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold> :\u2002Transdermal nicotine is of value in active ulcerative colitis but causes adverse events because of systemic absorption. Nicotine enemas may give rise to fewer adverse events.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim<\/jats:bold> :\u2002To assess the pharmacokinetics of nicotine enemas in three doses.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold> :\u2002Thirteen volunteers, all non\u2010smokers but three ex\u2010smokers, were given enemas on separate occasions containing 3, 6 and 9\u2003mg of nicotine, in ascending dose order. Adverse events were recorded and blood samples taken over 8\u2003h for measurement of serum nicotine and cotinine.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold> :\u2002Enemas were retained by most subjects. Eleven of 14 adverse events were \u2018early\u2019\u2013 30\u2013105\u2003min after the enema, corresponding to maximum plasma nicotine concentrations; three events were later, 4\u20138\u2003h after the enema and unrelated to the <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>. \u2018Early\u2019 adverse events occurred in eight subjects \u2013 six with 9\u2003mg. The three highest plasma nicotine concentrations were with 9\u2003mg and associated with headache, nausea and sweating. Only one had adverse events with 3\u2003mg and withdrew from the study. Nicotine <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> with 6 and 9\u2003mg doses were respectively two and three times the value with 3\u2003mg. Peak nicotine concentrations occurred 44\u201350\u2003min after the enema.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold> :\u2002The 6\u2003mg dose of nicotine probably represents the dose to use in clinical practice \u2013 for the highest therapeutic dose with a low risk of adverse events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02199.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]],"date-time":"2004-10-12T12:51:53Z","timestamp":1097585513000},"page":"859-865","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Nicotine enemas for treatment of ulcerative colitis: a study of the pharmacokinetics and adverse events associated with three doses of nicotine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"J. R.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Routledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. W.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. C.","family":"Buss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. K.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Feyerabend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. A. 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