{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:26:18Z","timestamp":1791192378485,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,27]],"date-time":"2005-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n The aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease remains largely unknown.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Aim:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n We performed a comprehensive assessment of potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n We identified a cohort of patients 20\u201384\u2003years old between 1995 and 1997 registered in the General Practitioner Research Database in the UK. A total of 444 incident cases of IBD were ascertained and validated with the general practitioner. We performed a nested case\u2013control analysis using all cases and a random sample of 10\u2003000 frequency\u2010matched controls.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n Incidence rates for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and indeterminate colitis were 11, 8, and 2 cases per 100\u2003000\u2003person\u2010years, respectively. Among women, we found that long\u2010term users of oral contraceptives were at increased risk of developing UC (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 0.89\u20136.22) and CD (OR: 3.15; 95% CI: 1.24\u20137.99). Similarly, long\u2010term users of HRT had an increased risk of CD (OR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.04\u20136.49) but not UC. Current smokers experienced a reduced risk of UC along with an increased risk of CD. Prior appendectomy was associated with a decreased the risk of UC (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.14\u20131.00).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n Our results support the hypothesis of an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease associated with oral contraceptives use and suggest a similar effect of hormone replacement therapy on CD. We also confirmed the effects of smoking and appendectomy on inflammatory bowel disease.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02564.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,11]],"date-time":"2005-08-11T08:53:45Z","timestamp":1123750425000},"page":"309-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in the general population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"L. A.","family":"GARC\u00cdA RODR\u00cdGUEZ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"GONZ\u00c1LEZ\u2010P\u00c9REZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"JOHANSSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u2010A.","family":"WALLANDER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6779.766"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00886.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200012080-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"47","volume-title":"National Diabetes Data Group","author":"Kenny SJ","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750024191"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.10.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011218"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61637-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01771.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000199478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200207000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199803000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02270.x"}],"container-title":["Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2005.02564.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02564.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T17:14:27Z","timestamp":1697217267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02564.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,27]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02564.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02564.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-2813","1365-2036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-2813","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,27]]}}}