{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:11:42Z","timestamp":1760170302017},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Undigested carbohydrates reaching the colon can act as competitors for epithelial bacterial receptors, making it difficult for noncommensal bacteria to adhere to them.<\/jats:p><jats:p>On the contrary, fermentation of these carbohydrates by anaerobic flora produces \u2013 among other substrates \u2013 butyrate that is involved in numerous important metabolic processes. These include the provision of energy to the colonocytes, the enhancement of sodium and water absorption and the synthesis of mucus and cell membranes. In addition, butyrate inhibits the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B, which exerts a potent anti\u2010inflammatory activity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Clinical experience with probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is controversial. Whereas some probiotic preparations appear to be useful in ulcerative colitis (UC) and pouchitis, most attempts to use probiotics for treating or preventing recurrence in Crohn's disease have failed. It should be pointed out that \u2013 unlike in the small bowel \u2013 the colon and ileal pouches are well\u2010established microbiological ecosystems with increasing amounts of a wide variety of bacterial strains. These bacterial strains have a high degree of metabolic interaction with luminal nutrients and a greater probability of developing dysbiosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>With this in mind, the rationale for using pre\u2010 and probiotics appears to be stronger for colonic IBD (UC or Crohn's colitis) and pouchitis than for IBD mostly involving the small bowel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03067.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T10:16:28Z","timestamp":1157019388000},"page":"90-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Review article: the intestinal lumen as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"M. 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