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The abstracts from recent large congresses were also reviewed to ensure coverage of the latest findings.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold> The pathophysiological factors causing GERD can be split into those inducing greater exposure of the oesophagus to stomach contents, and those that provide increased perception of reflux or increased mucosal damage. Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations, which are likely to be triggered by gastric distension, appear to be a key physiological cause of GERD. Excessive reflux may also be provoked by impaired oesophageal or gastric clearance mechanisms. Pre\u2010epithelial, epithelial and post\u2010epithelial defences all normally protect the oesophagus from injury, and may be compromised in individuals with GERD. Heartburn could also be caused by oesophageal hypersensitivity as a result of visceral neural pathway dysfunction.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold> The pathophysiology of GERD is multifactorial, and abnormalities in the gastro\u2010oesophageal junction, the stomach, the oesophagus and the nervous system may all contribute to this disease state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03372.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,20]],"date-time":"2009-11-20T04:02:02Z","timestamp":1258689722000},"page":"149-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Review article: the pathophysiology of gastro\u2010oesophageal reflux disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"G. E. 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