{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:20:22Z","timestamp":1790176822796,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,16]],"date-time":"2006-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1155686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although cysteamine was first used in the treatment of cystinosis in 1976 and approved by the FDA as cysteamine bitartrate (Cystagon\u2122) in 1994, surprisingly little pharmacological data are available for this compound. Cysteamine and its related drugs are currently being evaluated for the treatment of Huntington\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease. The aim of te study was to understand the pharmacokinetics of cysteamine bitartrate following gastrointestinal infusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cysteamine bitartrate was delivered through a naso\u2010enteric catheter into the stomach (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20038), small intestine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20038) and caecum (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20034) of normal subjects. Plasma cysteamine concentrations were determined using LC\u2010MS\/MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rate and extent of drug absorption were assessed by comparing AUC(0, \u221e), <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, among the gastrointestinal infusion sites. Total cysteamine exposure, expressed as area under the curve (AUC(0, \u221e)) was greatest when the drug was infused into the small intestine (4331.3\u2003\u00b1\u20031907.6\u2003min\u2003\u00d7\u2003\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) followed by stomach (3901.9\u2003\u00b1\u20031591.9\u2003min\u2003\u00d7\u2003\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) and caecum (3141.4\u2003\u00b1\u20031627.6\u2003min\u2003\u00d7\u2003\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>). Cysteamine infusion into the small intestine resulted in the most rapid rise to maximal plasma concentrations (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\u2003=\u200321\u2003\u00b1\u20030.56\u2003min); <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> was delayed to 50\u2003\u00b1\u200326\u2003min and 64\u2003\u00b1\u200326\u2003min after gastric and caecal infusion, respectively. The maximum cysteamine plasma concentration (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) was reached after infusion of the drug into the small intestine (51\u2003\u00b1\u200321\u2003\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>), which was higher than plasma <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> concentrations after gastric (39\u2003\u00b1\u200316\u2003\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) and caecal infusion (23\u2003\u00b1\u200315\u2003\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pharmacokinetic data generated help extend our understanding of cysteamine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02734.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,16]],"date-time":"2006-08-16T15:10:50Z","timestamp":1155741050000},"page":"36-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of cysteamine bitartrate following gastrointestinal infusion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Meredith C.","family":"Fidler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Barshop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon A.","family":"Gangoiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reena","family":"Deutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry A.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"Dohil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020552"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)89141-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.80.11.3257"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304223281604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198704163161602"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568007043482552"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03357.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02726.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205812200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-20-08942.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0438021100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00281-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-2027-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00594-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00860767"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"582","article-title":"Survival time in cystinosis. 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