{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:44:55Z","timestamp":1776887095566,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p> <jats:bold>What is already known about this subject<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002Recently the European Medicines Agency recommended further research in all newly marketed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002There is no information in the literature about how AEDs are used in children in primary care.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:bold>What this study adds<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002There is a rapid increase in newer AED prescribing to children and adolescents in UK primary care, while prescribing of conventional AEDs is in decline.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002The uptake of lamotrigine, topiramate and levetiracetam is rapid, and their prescribing is favoured over the conventional AEDs, particularly in adolescents.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002Following concerns about visual field defects with vigabatrin, long\u2010term safety surveillance of all the newer AEDs is strongly recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the prescribing epidemiology, in UK primary care, of newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) compared with conventional AEDs and to identify AEDs for further research in response to the European Medicines Agency report on epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects aged 0\u201318 years, from the UK General Practice Research Database, who were prescribed an AED between 1993 and 2005. Prescribing prevalence and incidence, stratified by age and AED, were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 7721 subjects were included and 70% were prescribed one drug. Overall prescribing prevalence for all AEDs had increased by 19%. The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of newer AED prescribing had increased fivefold from 0.67 (0.58, 0.76) to 3.20 (3.03, 3.37) per 1000 person\u2010years. Conversely, the prevalence of conventional AEDs had declined by 17% from 6.63 (6.34, 6.92) per 1000 person\u2010years to 5.51 (5.28, 5.73). Lamotrigine had 65% of newer AED prescriptions and was the most prescribed newer drug for both the 2\u201311 years and 12\u201318 years age groups with prevalences of 1.47 and 2.55 per 1000 person\u2010years, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a rapid increase in newer AED prescribing to children and adolescents in UK primary care, while prescribing of conventional AEDs is declining. Since 1997, the prevalence of vigabatrin has fallen, coinciding with the UK safety warnings on visual field defects. The uptake of lamotrigine, topiramate and levetiracetam is rapid and as the safety of these drugs has not been established, they should be prioritized for further research. Following concerns with vigabatrin, long\u2010term safety surveillance of all newer AEDs is strongly recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02842.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T11:46:52Z","timestamp":1169725612000},"page":"689-697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Prioritizing children's medicines for research: a pharmacoepidemiological study of antiepileptic drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Ackers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Macey L.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank M. C.","family":"Besag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian C. K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration.The Paediatric Research Equity Act.Public Law 108\u2013155. Available athttp:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cder\/pediatric\/S\u2010650\u2010PREA.pdfLast accessed22 May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health.Available athttp:\/\/www.nih.gov\/Last accessed22 May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","unstructured":"European Commission.Better Medicines for Children: Proposed Regulatory Actions on Paediatric Medicinal Products.Available athttp:\/\/pharmacos.eudra.org\/F2\/pharmacos\/docs\/Doc2002\/feb\/cd_pediatrics_en.pdfLast accessed17 May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","unstructured":"The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products and Human Medicines Evaluation Unit.Report of the Experts Round Table on the Difficulties Related to the Use of New Medicinal Products in Children Held on 18 December 1997.Available athttp:\/\/www.emea.eu.int\/pdfs\/human\/regaffair\/2716498en.pdfLast accessed17 May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency.Available athttp:\/\/www.emea.eu.int\/htms\/human\/peg\/pegassessment.htm#Last accessed17 May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency and Pre\u2010authorisation Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use.Assessment of the Paediatric Needs in Epilepsy.Available athttp:\/\/www.emea.eu.int\/pdfs\/human\/peg\/40591105en.pdfLast accessed17 May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","unstructured":"Task\u2010force in Europe for Drug Development for the Young.Available athttp:\/\/www.teddyoung.org\/index.phpLast accessed22 May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence.Newer Drugs for Epilepsy in Children.Available athttp:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/download.aspx?o=ta079guidanceLast accessed25 April 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-004-0839-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","unstructured":"The General Practice Research Database.Available athttp:\/\/www.gprd.com\/home\/Last accessed25 April 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"The General Practice Research Database: quality of morbidity data","volume":"87","author":"Hollowell J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Popul Trends"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200427120-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","unstructured":"The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products and Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use.Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Paediatric Population.Available athttp:\/\/www.emea.eu.int\/pdfs\/human\/ich\/271199EN.pdfLast accessed25 April 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002033420503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(09)90008-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7075.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.Vigabatrin (Sabril) and Visual Field Defects.Current Problems 25. Available athttp:\/\/www.mhra.gov.uk\/home\/groups\/pl\u2010p\/documents\/publication\/con007464.htmLast accessed25 April 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90581-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00882-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb05562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00409-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.463007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200216040-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02539.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(01)00305-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000076485.09353.7A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.074203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.8.1416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Epilepsy 2005 from Neuron to NICE \u2013 a Practical Guide","author":"Appleton RE","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200023010-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00423.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Lamotrigine (Lamictal): Increased risk of serious skin reactions in children","volume":"23","author":"Committee on Safety of Medicines and the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Current Problems Pharmacovigilance"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Lamotrigine (Lamictal): rare blood dyscrasias","volume":"26","author":"Committee on Safety of Medicines and the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Current Problems Pharmacovigilance"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Topiramate (Topamax): acute myopia and raised intraocular pressure","volume":"28","author":"Committee on Safety of Medicines and the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Problems Pharmacovigilance"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7551.1193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","unstructured":"Electronic Medicines Compendium.Available athttp:\/\/emc.medicines.org.uk\/Last accessed25 April 2006."}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2006.02842.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02842.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T04:20:28Z","timestamp":1697430028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02842.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02842.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02842.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]}}}