{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:56:08Z","timestamp":1791179768719,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]],"date-time":"2007-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1171238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:bold>What is already known about this subject<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002Carisoprodol was developed to create a drug with less abuse potential than meprobamate.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002Case reports have established carisoprodol as a drug of abuse, but no systematic studies have been published about the extent of abuse.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>What this study adds<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002A large number of patients used more carisoprodol than recommended.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002High use of carisoprodol was associated with high use of benzodiazepines and opiates.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2002Compared with other medicinal drugs, carisoprodol showed many prescription database signals of being a potential drug of abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carisoprodol was developed to create a drug with less potential for abuse than meprobamate. However, case reports have established carisoprodol as a drug of abuse. This paper explores the extent of potential abuse of this drug in Norway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Norwegian Prescription Database contains information on prescription drugs dispensed to individuals in Norway. Patients can be followed over time. High levels of carisoprodol use could indicate use for pleasurable effects or development of tolerance. Concomitant use of other potential drugs of abuse was also studied. We studied drug\u2010seeking behaviour by looking at patients who received carisoprodol from many different pharmacies and doctors or from high\u2010prescribing doctors. Carisoprodol was compared with a series of other medicinal drugs with or without known potential for abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some 53\u2003889 Norwegian women (2.4%) and 29\u2003824 men (1.3%) \u226518\u2003years old received carisoprodol at least once in 2004. Prescribing of carisoprodol was skewed. As many as 32% of the patients received more than 15 defined daily doses (DDDs) of carisoprodol and &gt;11\u2003000 patients (15%) received \u226575 DDDs in 2004. High users of carisoprodol also received more benzodiazepines and opioids. Few patients used three or more doctors for prescriptions, but carisoprodol\u2010abusing patients more often received their prescription from high\u2010prescribing doctors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carisoprodol was widely used and the skewedness in use indicated that it is a potential drug of abuse. A large number of patients used more carisoprodol than recommended in the guidelines. The high level of use and abuse of carisoprodol should be of concern in Norway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02847.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]],"date-time":"2007-02-12T10:20:11Z","timestamp":1171275611000},"page":"210-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Carisoprodol use and abuse in Norway. A pharmacoepidemiological study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"J\u00f8rgen G.","family":"Bramness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Furu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Engeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Skurtveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42792.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"38S","article-title":"Treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: a double blind clinical trial with Somadril Comp (carisprodol, paracetamol) versus placebo","volume":"72","author":"V\u00e6r\u00f8y H","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Soma compound (carisoprodol plus phenacetin and caffeine) in the treatment of acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions","volume":"26","author":"Soyka J","year":"1979","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"444","article-title":"A comparative study of Parafon Forte tablets and Soma compound in the treatment of painful skeletal muscle conditions","volume":"19","author":"Miller AR","year":"1976","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Comparsion of changes in pain threshold following oral administration of carisoprodol, acetylsalicyclic acid, and placebo","volume":"5","author":"Dahl E","year":"1981","journal-title":"Swed Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"655","article-title":"Carisoprodol in the treatment of myofascial pain\u2013dysfunction syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Gallardo F","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Oral Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","volume-title":"Low Back Pain Evidence Review","author":"Waddell G","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","volume-title":"Ont I Ryggen, Ont I Nacken En Evidensbaserad Kunskapssammanst\u00e4llning","author":"Van Tulder M","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"553","article-title":"The influence of chlorphenesin carbamate and carisoprodol on psychological test scores","volume":"11","author":"Raffel S","year":"1969","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199408000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36535-8","article-title":"Barbiturate\u2010like actions of the propanediol dicarbamates felbamate and meprobamate","volume":"280","author":"Rho JM","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.115.12.1123-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1983.10472117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","volume-title":"Evaluation of Carisoprodol and Phenyramidol for Addictiveness.","author":"Fraser H","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/4KTM-CY6N-572P-7ERD"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"1966","article-title":"Centrally acting muscle relaxants: abuse potential and traffic hazards","volume":"120","author":"Bramness JG","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor L\u00e6geforen"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14738J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001857870303800406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","unstructured":"Emergency Department Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network Final estimates 1995\u20132002 DAWN Series D\u201024. Rockville MD:SAMSHA2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","first-page":"S48","article-title":"The Norwegain Prescription Database (NorPD): new register for pharmacoepidemiological research covering a whole nation","volume":"14","author":"Furu K","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment.","author":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050422"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","unstructured":"VarleyH JordanJ BascomP.Quantities of carisoprodol (Soma (R) to be restricted.DUR Newsletter2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"APA.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","volume-title":"Sovemedicine og Nervemedicine \u2013 Storforbrugere.","author":"Kampmann J","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90018-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.24.17.1804.52333"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Carisoprodol\u2010dependence. A prospective withdrawal study among prisoners","volume":"111","author":"Wyller T","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.7.1006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200105000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000146453.76528.7c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","volume-title":"Drug consumption in Norway, 1998\u20132002.","author":"R\u00f8nning M","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","unstructured":"Apotekens totale f\u00f6rs\u00e4ljning av humanl\u00e4kemedel 2003\u20132005 Apoteket AB.http:\/\/www2.apoteket.se\/NR\/rdonlyres\/C35CF93A\u20107A16\u20104590\u2010A414\u2010CO8378FD1ADD\/4945\/2005tot.pdf(last accessed: January 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","unstructured":"Statistics grouped according to constituents 2001\u20132005 Danish Medicines Agency.http:\/\/dkma.medstat.dk\/MedStatDataViewer.php(last accessed: January 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","first-page":"518","article-title":"Skeletal muscle relaxants and associated medications for nonspecific acute back pain","volume":"30","author":"Reeves RR","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2007.02847.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02847.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T19:06:55Z","timestamp":1736795215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02847.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02847.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02847.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]]}}}