{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:55:18Z","timestamp":1791179718850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,24]],"date-time":"2008-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1227484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p> <jats:bold>WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003Anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs are used to ameliorate extrapyramidal symptoms caused by either Parkinson's disease or antipsychotic drugs, but their use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is assumed to be in decline.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003Patients with psychotic conditions have a high prevalence of abuse of drugs, including anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:bold>WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS<\/jats:bold> <\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003Anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs in Norway were primarily prescribed to patients using antipsychotic medication.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003The risk of abuse of this group of drugs was small, even among patients who probably abused other drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>AIMS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs is assumed to have shifted from the therapy of Parkinson's disease to the amelioration of extrapyramidal adverse effects induced by antipsychotic drugs. There is a considerable body of data suggesting that anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs have a potential for abuse. The aim was to investigate the use and potential abuse of this class of drugs in Norway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were drawn from the Norwegian Prescription Database on sales to a total of 73\u2003964 patients in 2004 of biperiden and orphenadrine, and use in patients with Parkinson's disease or in patients who were also prescribed antipsychotic agents. Possible abuse of these drugs was assessed by the level of use, skewedness of use, indications of drug\u2010seeking behaviour and concomitant use of benzodiazepine tranquillizers, a group of prescription drugs with a recognized potential for abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs were prescribed to 4.5% of all outpatients who used antipsychotic drugs. This outnumbered sales to patients with Parkinson's disease by &gt;20 to 1. We found indications of abuse of benzodiazepine tranquillizers among patients using antipsychotics, but there were no clear indications of abuse of anticholinergics, even among patients who were strongly suspected of abuse of benzodiazepines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs were used primarily by patients with psychotic illnesses. These patients have a very high prevalence of legal and illegal drug abuse, but the risk of abuse of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs seemed small.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03342.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,24]],"date-time":"2008-11-24T09:49:01Z","timestamp":1227520141000},"page":"228-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The use and potential abuse of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs in Norway: a pharmacoepidemiological study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Gjerden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen G.","family":"Bramness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Sl\u00f8rdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200404150-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059101900201"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00126839-200506040-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.7.928"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Anticholinergic drugs used in Parkinson's disease: an overlooked class of drugs from a pharmacokinetic perspective","volume":"2","author":"Brocks DR","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00637624"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","volume-title":"Therapeutic Drugs","author":"Dollery C","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"The clinical pharmacology of anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs: a review with emphasis on acute toxicity","volume":"118","author":"Gjerden P","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Fatalities caused by anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs: a retrospective study of a series of Norwegian cases","volume":"118","author":"Gjerden P","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.6.461"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008705223595"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470842555"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00102-9","article-title":"Postmarketing surveillance for drug abuse","volume":"79","author":"Arfken CL","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00582.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1063"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02847.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","first-page":"S48","article-title":"The Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD): new register for pharmacoepidemiological research covering a whole nation","volume":"14","author":"Furu K","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment","author":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LimaAR Soares\u2010WeiserK BacaltchukJ BarnesTRE.Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic\u2010induced acute akathisia (Review). 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