{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T05:56:52Z","timestamp":1760853412440},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,26]],"date-time":"2009-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1245974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label \/><jats:p><jats:bold>WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003Famciclovir is licensed in adults for the treatment of herpes zoster and herpes simplex viral infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003The pharmacokinetics of famciclovir has been extensively studied in adults, but no population pharmacokinetic model has been published to date.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003There is limited information about the pharmacokinetics of famciclovir in children.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003A population pharmacokinetic model of penciclovir (famciclovir is a prodrug of penciclovir) was developed in adults and children.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003New paediatric pharmacokinetic studies have been designed using a 10\u2003mg\u2003kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>dose in children that gives similar exposure to 500\u2003mg in adults.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2003A sampling windows design for sparse sampling based on an adequate number of subjects in three paediatric age groups has also been developed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>AIMS<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for penciclovir (famciclovir is a prodrug of penciclovir) in adults and children and suggest an appropriate dose for children. Furthermore, to develop a limited sampling design based on sampling windows for three different paediatric age groups (1\u20132, 2\u20135 and 5\u201312 years) using an adequate number of subjects for future pharmacokinetic studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Penciclovir plasma data from six different adult and paediatric studies were supplied by Novartis. Population pharmacokinetic modelling was undertaken in NONMEM version VI. Simulations in MATLAB were used to select an oral paediatric dose that gives similar exposure to 500\u2003mg in adults. Optimal sampling times and sampling windows were obtained in MATLAB and simulations in NONMEM were used to select adequate sample sizes for three paediatric age groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A two\u2010compartment, first\u2010order absorption model with an absorption lag time, allometric weight models on<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>,<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>, and an allometric weight model, age and creatinine clearance as covariates on CL adequately describe the pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in adults and children. Estimated CL (l\u2003h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u200370\u2003kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ss<\/jats:sub>(l.70\u2003kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) were 31.2 and 83.1, respectively. An oral dose of 10\u2003mg\u2003kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>body weight in children was predicted to give similar exposure as 500\u2003mg in adults. A single sampling windows design (0.25\u20130.4, 0.5\u20131, 1.25\u20131.75, 2.75\u20133.5 and 7.25\u20138\u2003h) for five samples per subject and 10 subjects in each of the paediatric age groups is recommended for future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A population pharmacokinetic model of penciclovir in adults and children has been developed. A prospective study design, including dose adjustment, cohort size and blood sampling design has been recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03479.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,26]],"date-time":"2009-06-26T10:03:39Z","timestamp":1246010619000},"page":"546-560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Population pharmacokinetics and optimal design of paediatric studies for famciclovir"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Kayode","family":"Ogungbenro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Looby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guenther","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Aarons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Better Medicine for Children, Proposed Regulatory Actions on Paediatric Medicinal Products","author":"European Commission","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency.Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Paediatric Population.2001. 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