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The aim of this manuscript is to review the place of TDM in the dosing of antimicrobial agents, specifically the importance of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to define the antimicrobial exposures necessary for maximizing killing or inhibition of bacterial growth. In this context, there are robust data for some antimicrobials, including the ratio of a PK parameter (e.g. peak concentration) to the minimal inhibitory concentration of the bacteria associated with maximal antimicrobial effect. Blood sampling of an individual patient can then further define the relevant PK parameter value in that patient and, if necessary, antimicrobial dosing can be adjusted to enable achievement of the target PK\/PD ratio. To date, the clinical outcome benefits of a systematic TDM programme for antimicrobials have only been demonstrated for aminoglycosides, although the decreasing susceptibility of bacteria to available antimicrobials and the increasing costs of pharmaceuticals, as well as emerging data on pharmacokinetic variability, suggest that benefits are likely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04080.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,10]],"date-time":"2011-08-10T13:51:43Z","timestamp":1312984303000},"page":"27-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":284,"title":["Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Jason A.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200645080-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000098031.24329.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.2.462"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00705-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318167d0e0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00850.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","unstructured":"RobertsJA LipmanJ.A pilot evaluation of a beta\u2010lactam therapeutic drug monitoring program in critically ill patients. 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