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Traditional therapies for these conditions include unspecific immunosuppressants including steroids and cyclophosphamide, more specific compounds such as ciclosporin or other drugs which are thought to act as immunomodulators (fumarates and intravenous immunoglobulins). With increasing knowledge about the underlying pathomechanisms of the diseases, targeted biologic therapies mainly consisting of anti\u2010cytokine or anti\u2010cytokine receptor agents have been developed. The latter have led to a substantial improvement of the induction of long term remission but drug costs are high and are not affordable in all countries. In China an extract of the herb <jats:italic>Tripterygium wilfordii<\/jats:italic> Hook F. (TwHF) is frequently used to treat autoimmune and\/or inflammatory diseases due to its favourable cost\u2013benefit ratio. Triptolide has turned out to be the active substance of TwHF extracts and has been shown to exert potent anti\u2010inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. There is increasing evidence for an immunomodulatory and partly immunosuppressive mechanism of action of triptolide. Thus, compounds such as triptolide or triptolide derivatives may have the potential to be developed as a new class of drugs for these diseases. In this review we summarize the published knowledge regarding clinical use, pharmacokinetics and the possible mode of action of triptolide in the treatment of inflammatory diseases with a particular focus on psoriasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04221.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,20]],"date-time":"2012-02-20T18:58:12Z","timestamp":1329764292000},"page":"424-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune\u2010mediated inflammatory diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rostami\u2010Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Gerdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Mrowietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00192.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)80314-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70118-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Report on the therapeutic effect of the herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on reactive status of leprosy [in Chinese]","volume":"2","author":"Gutian Hospital and Beisha Hospital FP","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pi Fu Bing Fang Zhi Tong Xun"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190109064582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(98)00006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"The influence of Chinese traditional medicine on the production and activity of interleukin 1 (IL\u20101) [in Chinese]","volume":"26","author":"Chang ML","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","first-page":"436","article-title":"The effects of traditional antirheumatic herbal medicines on immune response cells","volume":"24","author":"Chang DM","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199801)41:1<130::AID-ART16>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Mechanism of immunosuppression of the antirheumatic herb TWHf in human T cells","volume":"26","author":"Ho LJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(03)00144-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00775a078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200201150-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-005-0022-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","unstructured":"TangZL.New development in clinical application ofTripierygium wilfordiiHook F [in Chinese]. 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