{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:50:25Z","timestamp":1790185825819,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]],"date-time":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pathological gambling (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is a relatively common and often disabling psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive urges to engage in deleterious gambling behaviour. Although common and financially devastating to individuals and families, there currently exist no formally approved pharmacotherapeutic interventions for this disorder. This review seeks to examine the history of medication treatments for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . A systematic review of the 18 double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled pharmacotherapy studies conducted for the treatment of pathological gambling was conducted. Study outcome and the mean dose of medication administered was documented in an effort to determine a preferred medication choice in this population. A variety of medication classes have been examined in the treatment of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    with varying results. Antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers have demonstrated mixed results in controlled clinical trials. Although limited information is available, opioid antagonists and glutamatergic agents have demonstrated efficacious outcomes, especially for individuals with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    suffering from intense urges to engage in the behaviour. Given that several studies have demonstrated their efficacy in treating the symptoms associated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , opioid antagonists should be considered the first line treatment for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    at this time. Most published studies, however, have employed relatively small sample sizes, are of limited duration and involve possibly non\u2010representative clinical groups (e.g. those without co\u2010occurring psychiatric disorders). Response measures have varied across studies. Heterogeneity of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    treatment samples may also complicate identification of effective treatments. Identification of factors related to treatment response will help inform future studies and advance treatment strategies for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04457.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]],"date-time":"2012-09-15T00:40:28Z","timestamp":1347669628000},"page":"375-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Pharmacological treatments in pathological gambling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Jon E.","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioral Neuroscience University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"Odlaug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioral Neuroscience University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liana R. 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