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Modern \u2018low dose\u2019 OC are associated with a three to sixfold increased relative risk of VTE. Hormone replacement and selective oestrogen receptor modulators confer a similar two to fourfold increase in thrombotic risk. However, because the baseline incidence of thrombosis is higher in older postmenopausal women, the absolute risk is higher than in younger OC users. The risk of venous thrombosis is six to 10\u2010fold higher during pregnancy than in non\u2010pregnant women of similar age. Thrombophilic disorders increase the thrombotic risk of OC, hormone replacement and pregnancy, especially in women with homozygous or combined defects. This review focuses on recent data estimating the thrombotic risk of hormonal therapies and pregnancy in women with and without other thrombotic risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05041.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,30]],"date-time":"2004-07-30T13:37:00Z","timestamp":1091194620000},"page":"443-454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Hormones and pregnancy: thromboembolic risks for women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Jody L.","family":"Kujovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614213","article-title":"Third generation oral contraceptives and heritable thrombophilia as risk factors of non\u2010fatal venous thromboembolism","volume":"79","author":"Andersen B.S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1701"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91929-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615216","article-title":"Hemostatic effects of oral contraceptives in women who developed deep\u2010vein thrombosis while using oral contraceptives","volume":"80","author":"Bloemenkamp K.W.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614323","article-title":"Venous thrombosis, oral contraceptives and high factor VIII levels","volume":"82","author":"Bloemenkamp K.W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.8.2590.420k40_2590_2594","article-title":"Gene\u2010gene and gene\u2010environment interactions determine risk of thrombosis in families with inherited antithrombin deficiency","volume":"94","author":"Boven H.H.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Enhanced thrombin generation and fibrinolytic activity in normal pregnancy and the puerperium","volume":"80","author":"Bremme K.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011163432002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V68.4.881.881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.9.1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.23.2189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09962-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07113-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.10.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1616206","article-title":"Thrombophilia, thrombosis and pregnancy","volume":"86","author":"Eldor A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1616136","article-title":"Combined effect of factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A on the risk of venous thromboembolism \u2013 pooled analysis of 8 case\u2013control studies including 2310 cases and 3204 controls. 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