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Single drugs related to IHA in three or more patients and assessed more than once as a certain or probable cause of IHA in a standardized causality assessment included diclofenac, fludarabine, oxaliplatin, ceftriaxone and piperacillin. In a case\u2010control study including all 124 IHA cases developed in outpatient care and 731 controls, significantly increased odds ratios (OR) were observed for beta\u2010lactam antibiotics (OR\u2003=\u20038\u00b78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3\u00b72\u201325\u00b72), cotrimoxazole (OR\u2003=\u20036\u00b75; CI 1\u00b71\u201337\u00b79), ciprofloxacin (OR\u2003=\u20036\u00b79, CI 1\u00b73\u201338\u00b75), fludarabine (OR\u2003=\u200322\u00b72; CI: 2\u00b78\u2013454\u00b75) and lorazepam (OR\u2003=\u20035\u00b73; CI: 1\u00b72\u201321\u00b72). Excluding new onset cases with a chronic IHA disease course, an increased risk became also apparent for diclofenac with an OR of 3\u00b71 (CI 1\u00b73\u20137\u00b70). This is the first case\u2010control study investigating drugs as risk factors for IHA. It corroborates an increased risk for several drugs that have been implicated as a cause of IHA in the standardized causality assessment of individual cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08784.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,12]],"date-time":"2011-07-12T13:58:54Z","timestamp":1310479134000},"page":"644-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Drug induced immune haemolytic anaemia in the Berlin Case\u2010Control Surveillance 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