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Both agents cause B cell hyperplasia, which is almost certainly an essential component of lymphomagenesis in BL. The critical event in lymphomagenesis is the creation of a <jats:italic>MYC<\/jats:italic> translocation, bringing the <jats:italic>MYC<\/jats:italic> gene into juxtaposition with immunoglobulin genes and causing its ectopic expression, thereby driving the proliferation of BL cells. It is highly likely that such translocations are mediated by the activation\u2010induced cytidine deaminase (AID) gene, which is responsible for hypervariable region mutations as well as class switching. Stimulation of the Toll\u2010like receptor 9 by malaria\u2010associated agonists induces AID, providing a mechanism whereby malaria could directly influence BL pathogenesis. EBV\u2010containing cells must reach the memory cell compartment in order to survive throughout the life of the individual, which probably requires traversal of the germinal centre. Normally, cells that do not produce high affinity antibodies do not survive this passage, and are induced to undergo apoptosis. EBV, however, prevents this, and in doing so may also enhance the likelihood of survival of rare translocation\u2010containing cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.09013.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]],"date-time":"2012-01-20T09:42:58Z","timestamp":1327052578000},"page":"744-756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Epidemiology: clues to the pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Magrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-01-0168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"4273","article-title":"The pattern of p53 mutations in Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma differs from that of solid 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