{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:34:58Z","timestamp":1790134498947,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,4]],"date-time":"2004-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the last decade, the analysis of bronchial biopsies and lung parenchyma obtained from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients compared with those from smokers with normal lung function and non\u2010smokers has provided new insights on the role of the different inflammatory and structural cells, their signalling pathways and mediators, contributing to a better knowledge of the pathogenesis of COPD. This review summarizes and discusses the lung pathology of COPD patients with emphasis on inflammatory cell phenotypes that predominate in different clinical conditions. In bronchial biopsies, a cascade of events takes place during progression from mild\u2010to\u2010severe disease. T lymphocytes, particularly CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells and macrophages are the prevalent inflammatory cells in the lung of healthy smokers and patients with mild COPD, while total and activated neutrophils predominate in severe COPD. The number of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells and macrophages expressing nuclear factor\u2010kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB), STAT\u20104 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 proteins as well as endothelial adhesion molecule\u20101 in endothelium is increased in mild\/moderate disease. In contrast, activated neutrophils (MPO<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells) and increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity develops in severe COPD. In bronchial biopsies obtained during COPD exacerbations, some studies have shown an increased T cell and granulocyte infiltration. Regular treatment with high doses of inhaled glucocorticoids does not significantly change the number of inflammatory cells in bronchial biopsies from patients with moderate COPD. The profile in lung parenchyma is similar to bronchial biopsies. \u2018Healthy\u2019 smokers and mild\/moderate diseased patients show increased T lymphocyte infiltration in the peripheral airways. Pulmonary emphysema is associated with a general increase of inflammatory cells in the alveolar septa. The molecular mechanisms driving the lymphocyte and neutrophilic prevalence in mild and severe disease, respectively, needs to be extensively studied. Up\u2010regulation of pro\u2010inflammatory transcription factors NF\u2010\u03baB and STAT\u20104 in mild, activated epithelial and endothelial cells in the more severe disease may contribute to this differential prevalence of infiltrating cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.02030.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,4]],"date-time":"2004-08-04T14:31:29Z","timestamp":1091629889000},"page":"1156-1167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Cellular and molecular mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an overview"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Di Stefano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Caramori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. L. 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