{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:54:16Z","timestamp":1787014456541,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,12]],"date-time":"2004-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1084320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                    Frequent infection in infancy and early childhood has been hypothesized to explain the low prevalence of asthma and other atopic disease among children in developing countries (the so\u2010called \u2018hygiene hypothesis\u2019), but the low prevalence in Eastern Europe remains unexplained.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    To test the hygiene hypothesis in the Republic of Belarus by examining the relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) and respiratory infection and two potentially atopic outcomes in the first 12 months of life: atopic eczema and recurrent wheeze.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    We carried out two case\u2013control studies nested within a large (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =17\u2003046) randomized trial in Belarus, with cases defined as (1) first occurrence of atopic eczema (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =819) and (2) second episode of wheezing (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =112). Incidence density sampling was used to select four matched controls born within 1 month at the same hospital as the case. Exposure was defined as one or more episodes of GI or respiratory infection (examined separately) with onset &gt;7 days before onset of the case's atopic outcome. Analyses controlled for family atopic history, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, sex, birth weight, maternal education, and (for recurrent wheeze) maternal smoking.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    For atopic eczema, prior GI infection occurred in 7.4% of cases vs. 6.0% of controls [adjusted OR=1.27 (0.94\u20131.72)] and prior respiratory infection in 35.2% vs. 32.6% [adjusted OR=1.14 (95% CI=0.94\u20131.37)]. For recurrent wheeze, prior GI infection occurred in 9.8% of cases vs. 7.4% of controls [adjusted OR=1.30 (0.60\u20132.82)].\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    Our results do not support the hypothesis that infection protects against atopic eczema or recurrent wheezing in the first 12 months of life.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.1940.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,12]],"date-time":"2004-05-12T11:26:32Z","timestamp":1084361192000},"page":"753-756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Does previous infection protect against atopic eczema and recurrent wheeze ininfancy?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"M. 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