{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:48:04Z","timestamp":1790887684056,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,12]],"date-time":"2006-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1147392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                    Several cytokines are involved in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in ocular allergic diseases. The purpose of the study was to assay multiple cytokines and chemokines in tears, to compare subgroups of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) with controls, and in culture supernatants to determine whether conjunctival fibroblasts produce some of these cytokines.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    Fifty to one hundred microlitre tears were obtained from patients with active seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =12), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =18), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =6) and non\u2010atopic controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =14). Primary conjunctival fibroblasts grown\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    were stimulated with IL\u20104, IL\u201013 or TNF\u2010\u03b1 for 24\u2003h. Cell\u2010free tear and culture supernatants were assayed for IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20102, IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201010, IL\u201012, IL\u201013, IFN\u2010\u03b3, TNF\u2010\u03b1, eotaxin, MCP\u20101 and RANTES using multiplex bead analysis. Induction of chemokine gene expression was determined by PCR.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20102, IL\u20105, IL\u20106, IL\u201012, IL\u201013, MCP\u20101 were increased in all tears groups compared with controls, with highly significant correlations between many of these molecules. In addition IL\u20104, IFN\u2010\u03b3, and IL\u201010 were elevated in SAC and VKC, while eotaxin and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were only increased in VKC. IL\u20106, IL\u20108, MCP\u20101, RANTES and eotaxin were detected from fibroblasts cultures, and were all up\u2010regulated by TNF\u2010\u03b1. By PCR, fibroblasts expressed MCP\u20101 transcripts constitutively, whereas IP\u201010 and Mig were up\u2010regulated by TNF\u2010\u03b1.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    Differential cytokine levels support tears as a useful indicator of immune mechanisms occurring during AC. The striking similarities in chemokine profiles between tears and fibroblasts suggest these cells as likely sources of chemokines in tears.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02499.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,12]],"date-time":"2006-05-12T10:49:56Z","timestamp":1147430996000},"page":"777-784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Multiple cytokines in human tear specimens in seasonal and chronic allergic eye disease and in conjunctival fibroblast cultures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Curnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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