{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T14:49:42Z","timestamp":1772894982657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,4]],"date-time":"2006-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Protease\u2010activated receptor 2 (PAR 2) has been shown to be responsible for trypsin and mast cell tryptase\u2010induced airway inflammation. Here, the present study aimed to explore the expression of PAR 2 in the nasal mucosa of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Study subjects were recruited for the study by medical history, physical examination and laboratory screening tests. Using immunohistochemistry, laser\u2010assisted cell picking and subsequently real\u2010time PCR, nasal mucosa biopsies of SAR patients were investigated for PAR 2 gene and protein expression in complex tissues of the nasal mucosa.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Gene and protein expression of PAR 2 was firstly detected in nasal mucosa of SAR patients. The relative gene expression level of PAR 2 was significantly increased in complex tissues of the nasal mucosa of SAR (6.21\u00b14.02 vs. controls: 1.38\u00b10.86, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.004). Moreover, PAR 2 mRNA expression in epithelial cells (SAR: 4.78\u00b14.64 vs. controls: 0.84\u00b10.61, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.003) but not in mucus (SAR: 1.51\u00b11.15 vs. controls: 1.35\u00b11.02, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.78) and endothelial cells (SAR: 1.20\u00b10.57 vs. controls: 1.73\u00b11.30, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.5) was found to be significantly changed in the nasal mucosa in SAR. Using double immunohistochemistry the present study demonstrated that the total numbers of mast cells (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0003) and eosinophils (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.03) and the numbers of eosinophils expressing PAR 2 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.006) were significantly elevated in the nasal mucosa of SAR compared with the controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> The abundant presence and distribution of gene and protein expression of PAR 2 in different cell types in the nasal mucosa under normal situation, the increased expression of PAR 2 in epithelial cells and the increased number of eosinophils with PAR 2 suggest that PAR 2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as SAR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02537.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,7]],"date-time":"2006-07-07T01:28:37Z","timestamp":1152235717000},"page":"1039-1048","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Gene and protein expression of protease\u2010activated receptor 2 in structural and inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa in seasonal allergic rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Q. T.","family":"Dinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Cryer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Trevisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. B.","family":"Cifuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. K.","family":"Feleszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Geppetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Fan Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Heppt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. F.","family":"Klapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"575","article-title":"Protease\u2010activated receptors","volume":"1","author":"Schmidlin F","year":"2001","journal-title":"how proteases signal to cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"282","article-title":"Proteinase\u2010activated receptor\u20102 in human skin","volume":"8","author":"Steinhoff M","year":"1999","journal-title":"tissue distribution and activation of keratinocytes by mast cell tryptase"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M506338200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"PAR\u20102","volume":"2002","author":"Kawabata A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"structure, function and relevance to human diseases of the gastric mucosa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63886-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pupt.2001.0285"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/72247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.9.5315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.07.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00222.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"882","article-title":"Alternative splicing in single cells dissected from complex tissues","volume":"85","author":"Springer J","year":"2003","journal-title":"separate expression of prepro-tachykinin A mRNA splice variants in sensory neurones"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Cytokine\/cytokine receptor gene expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"103","author":"Wu S","year":"2005","journal-title":"correlation of expression and clinical outcome at first disease recurrence"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.02114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2004.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02264.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4179(03)00065-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2004.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549804600204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.2.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.278.1.L193"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17025-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"797","article-title":"Protease\u2010activated receptors in human airways","volume":"108","author":"Knight DA","year":"2001","journal-title":"upregulation of PAR-2 in respiratory epithelium from patients with asthma"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02359.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705926"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2469fje","article-title":"Control of ion transport in mammalian airways by protease activated receptors type 2 (PAR\u20102)","volume":"19","author":"Kunzelmann K","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of proteinase\u2010activated receptors (PARs)","volume":"97","author":"Kawabata A","year":"2005","journal-title":"PARs in the respiratory system: cellular signaling and physiological\/pathological roles"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0223OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.106210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.88.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.5.9907133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000031958.92781.9E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hh1301.092661"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118597"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.25.14910"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.19.2590"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Protease\u2010activated receptor\u20102 (PAR\u20102) in the rat gastric mucosa","volume":"135","author":"Kawao N","year":"2002","journal-title":"immunolocalization and facilitation of pepsin\/pepsinogen secretion"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10806"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0199OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01634-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2005.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"IL\u20109 and c\u2010Kit+ mast cells in allergic rhinitis during seasonal allergen exposure","volume":"116","author":"Nouri\u2010Aria KT","year":"2005","journal-title":"effect of immunotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01231.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"A protease activated receptor\u20102 (PAR\u20102) activating peptide, tc\u2010LIGRLO\u2010NH2, induces protease release from mast cells","volume":"4","author":"Alshurafa HN","year":"2004","journal-title":"role in TNF degradation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700169"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00215.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0702351"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00058-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"Role of protease\u2010activated receptors in airway functio","volume":"95","author":"Lan RS","year":"2002","journal-title":"a target for therapeutic intervention?"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Experimental Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.2006.02537.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02537.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T02:02:05Z","timestamp":1697421725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02537.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02537.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02537.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-7894","1365-2222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-7894","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2222","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,4]]}}}