{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:56:49Z","timestamp":1791115009608,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,2]],"date-time":"2006-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Many different types of phthalate ester are used as plasticizers and are thus found in the air. There have been several studies that suggest an association between allergies and phthalate esters. We previously found that di\u2010butyl phthalate (DBP) has an adjuvant effect in a mouse contact hypersensitivity model, in which fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is involved as an immunogenic hapten.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> We examined whether other phthalate esters enhance the process of sensitization to FITC by facilitating the trafficking of FITC\u2010presenting dendritic cells or macrophages from skin sites to draining lymph nodes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Mice were epicutaneously sensitized with FITC dissolved in acetone containing a phthalate ester. Sensitization was evaluated as ear swelling after a challenge with FITC. Draining lymph node cells obtained 24\u2003h after skin sensitization were examined for FITC fluorescence by means of flow cytometry. FITC\u2010positive cells were characterized with anti\u2010CD11c and anti\u2010CD11b by three\u2010colour flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> When mice were sensitized with FITC in acetone containing DBP or di\u2010<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2010propyl phthalate (DPP), strong enhancement of the ear\u2010swelling response was observed. Di\u2010methyl phthalate (DMP) and di\u2010ethyl phthalate (DEP) were less effective but produced some enhancement. Consistent enhancement was not observed with di\u2010(2\u2010ethylhexyl) phthalate or di\u2010isononyl phthalate. Upon sensitization in the presence of DBP or DPP, the number of FITC\u2010positive dendritic cells (total CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> as well as CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD11b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) was increased in draining lymph nodes. As to the other four phthalate esters, there was no significant increase in the FITC\u2010positive cell number in the draining lymph nodes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> During the process of sensitization to FITC, DBP, and DPP exert strong adjuvant effects that are associated with enhancement of trafficking of antigen\u2010presenting dendritic cells from the skin to draining lymph nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02574.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,2]],"date-time":"2006-11-02T20:14:38Z","timestamp":1162498478000},"page":"1462-1468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Effects of phthalate esters on the sensitization phase of contact hypersensitivity induced by fluorescein isothiocyanate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Imai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Iizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kurohane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Toxicological profile of diethyl phthalate","volume":"39","author":"Api AM.","year":"2001","journal-title":"a vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"156","article-title":"Comparative repellent properties of certain chemicals against mosquitoes, house flies and cockroaches using modified techniques","volume":"26","author":"Vartak PH","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)02007-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00192-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00109-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1975.tb00001.x","article-title":"Dibutyl phthalate sensitivity","volume":"1","author":"Husain SL.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.460115.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"1393","article-title":"The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust","volume":"112","author":"Bornehag CG","year":"2004","journal-title":"a nested case-control study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00419-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0773.2002.910508.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06163.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00282-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.9.2833"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6835","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.12.6835","article-title":"Contribution of dermal macrophage trafficking in the sensitization phase of contact hypersensitivity","volume":"161","author":"Sato K","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri746"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2003.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.2.590"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.8.1171"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"643","article-title":"Dynamics and function of Langerhans cells in vivo","volume":"22","author":"Kissenpfennig A","year":"2005","journal-title":"dermal dendritic cells colonize lymph node areas distinct from slower migrating Langerhans cells"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; 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