{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T17:24:19Z","timestamp":1774113859787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]],"date-time":"2008-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Allergic diseases cause a large and increasing burden in developed countries and in urban centres in middle\u2010income countries. The causes of this increase are unknown and, currently, there are no interventions to prevent the development of allergic diseases. The \u2018hygiene hypothesis\u2019 has tried to explain the increase through a reduction in the frequency of childhood infections causing a failure to program the immune system for adequate immune regulation. Intestinal helminth parasites are prevalent in childhood in developing countries and are associated with a lower prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity and asthma.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> To investigate whether children who had intestinal helminth infections during early childhood have a lower prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity later in childhood.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> We re\u2010visited a population of 1055 children from whom stool samples had been collected for detection of intestinal helminth infections for another study, and collected new stool samples and performed allergen skin prick testing. Information on potential confounding variables was collected.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Children with heavy infections with <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic> in early childhood had a significantly reduced prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood, even in the absence of <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic> infection at the time of skin testing in later childhood.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Early heavy infections with <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic> may protect against the development of allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood. Novel treatments to program immune\u2010regulation in early childhood in a way that mimics the effects of early infections with <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic> may offer new strategies for the prevention of allergic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03027.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,11]],"date-time":"2008-06-11T04:20:13Z","timestamp":1213158013000},"page":"1769-1777","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Early infection with <i>Trichuris trichiura<\/i> and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"L. C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Newcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. S.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. M.","family":"Alcantara\u2010Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Genser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Simoes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Fiaccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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