{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T17:41:23Z","timestamp":1707673283116},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,5]],"date-time":"2008-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Although it has been suggested that the use of tachykinin receptor antagonists might prove to be an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR), they are not used clinically. Therefore, we decided to examine the effects of tachykinin receptor antagonists on AR symptoms in an appropriate experimental model.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> To evaluate newly developed tachykinin receptor antagonists in a Japanese cedar pollen\u2010induced AR model and to determine their effect on allergen\u2010induced sneezing, nasal blockage, and nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Sensitized guinea\u2010pigs were challenged by forced inhalation of pollen once every week. Sneezing and nasal blockage were observed after pollen challenges. NHR (nasal blockage) to an intranasal application of leukotriene D<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> was assessed 2 days after an antigen challenge. We also evaluated whether intranasal dosing with a tachykinin causes NHR. NK<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and NK<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonists were administered before an intranasal treatment with antigen or tachykinin. Amounts of tachykinins present in nasal cavity lavage fluid were measured by an enzyme immunoassay.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Although an NK<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and NK<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor dual antagonist showed no effect on pollen\u2010induced sneezing and biphasic nasal blockage, it did completely suppress the development of NHR. Experiments using specific NK<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> or NK<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonists revealed that NK<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor activation was preferentially involved in the development of hyperresponsiveness. Increases in the levels of substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) in the nasal tissue were noted 20\u2003min\u20131\u2003h after the challenge. Intranasal instillation of either SP or NKA\u2010induced NHR, which was almost completely inhibited by NK<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonists and partially inhibited by NK<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonists.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> SP and NKA, which are released early after the challenge, mediate the development of NHR by preferentially activating NK<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptors. Therefore, NK<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonists might prove to be effective treatment of AR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03097.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,5]],"date-time":"2008-09-05T07:50:00Z","timestamp":1220601000000},"page":"138-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Important roles of tachykinins in the development of allergic nasal hyperresponsiveness in 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