{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:33:58Z","timestamp":1768620838580,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]],"date-time":"2011-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Flemish Scientific Research Board","award":["Nr. A12\/5-HB-KH3 and G.0436.04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. A12\/5-HB-KH3 and G.0436.04"]}]},{"name":"the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network"},{"name":"Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme","award":["Nr. IAP P6\/35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. IAP P6\/35"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A distinct set of inflammatory and remodelling factors have been found elevated in chronic rhinosinusitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The investigation of their expression in early stage disease may reveal early events in this common disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sinonasal mucosal samples from nine patients with early stage <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> were taken from the inferior and middle turbinates, the uncinate process, maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoid, bulla ethmoidalis and the posterior ethmoid and measured for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010beta 1 and it's receptors, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPO<\/jats:styled-content> protein as well as pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010alpha and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101beta) and the Th1 cell signature (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010gamma and T\u2010bet). As outcome parameter for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010beta signalling collagen deposition was analysed. Inferior turbinates from patients undergoing (rhino\u2010) septoplasty were collected as controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TGF\u2010beta 1 protein concentrations were significantly increased in the maxillary sinuses (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006), the uncinate process (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01), the anterior ethmoid including the bulla ethmoidalis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005) and the posterior ethmoid (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.037) when compared to the inferior and middle turbinates. Collagen deposition was significantly increased in the maxillary sinus when compared to the inferior turbinates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.008). In contrast, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010beta receptors, Th1 related markers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010gamma and T\u2010bet), pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL\u20101 beta and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010alpha), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPO<\/jats:styled-content> protein as neutrophil marker were expressed at all locations but showed no significant differences between the various locations. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010beta 1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression in inferior turbinates of CRSsNP was significantly higher when compared to inferior turbinates of controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.017). The pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and Th1\u2010related cytokines did not show an upregulation in inferior turbinates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> when compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In early stage chronic sinus disease, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010beta protein is expressed in significantly higher concentrations within the paranasal sinuses when compared to turbinates, whereas pro\u2010inflammatory, neutrophilic and Th1 markers did not show any difference. These findings suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010beta plays a central role in the initiation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content>, and represents a major target for further research and future intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03898.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]],"date-time":"2011-11-14T08:57:05Z","timestamp":1321261025000},"page":"883-890","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Inflammation and remodelling patterns in early stage chronic rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Van Bruaene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL) Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perez\u2010Novo","family":"C.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL) Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Van Crombruggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL) Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"De Ruyck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL) Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Holtappels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL) Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Van Cauwenberge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL) Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Gevaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL) Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Bachert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL) Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510410s02","article-title":"Quantification for staging sinusitis. 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