{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:35:14Z","timestamp":1789115714049,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Henry Ford Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Racial disparities in allergic disease outcomes have been reported with African Americans suffering disproportionately compared to White individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine whether or not racial disparities are present as early as age 2\u00a0years in a racially diverse birth cohort in the Detroit metropolitan area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All children who were participants in a birth cohort study in the Detroit metropolitan area were invited for a standardized physician exam with skin prick testing and parental interview at age 2\u00a0years. Physicians made inquiries regarding wheezing and allergy symptoms and inspected for and graded any atopic dermatitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>). Skin testing was performed for <jats:italic>Alternaria<\/jats:italic>, cat, cockroach, dog, <jats:italic>Dermatophagoides farinae<\/jats:italic> (Der F), Short Ragweed, Timothy grass, egg, milk and peanut. Specific IgE was measured for these same allergens and total IgE was determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>African American children (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0466) were more likely than White children (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0223) to have experienced any of the outcomes examined: at least 1 positive skin prick test from the panel of 10 allergens (21.7% vs. 11.0%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.001); at least one specific IgE\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.35\u00a0IU\/mL (out of a panel of 10 allergens) (54.0% vs. 42.9%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.02); had AD (27.0% vs. 13.5%, Chi\u2010square <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001); and to ever have wheezed (44.9% vs. 36.0%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.03). African American children also tended to have higher total IgE (geometric means 23.4\u00a0IU\/mL (95%CI 20.8, 27.6) vs. 16.7\u00a0IU\/mL (95%CI 13.6, 20.6\u00a0IU\/mL), Wilcoxon Rank Sum <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.004). With the exception of wheezing, the associations did not vary after adjusting for common social economic status variables (e.g. household income), environmental variables (endotoxin; dog, cat and cockroach allergen in house dust) or variables that differed between the racial groups (e.g. breastfeeding). After adjustment, the wheeze difference was ameliorated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>With disparities emerging as early as age 2\u00a0years, investigations into sources of the disparities should include the prenatal period and early life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03946.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,28]],"date-time":"2011-12-28T10:31:21Z","timestamp":1325068281000},"page":"909-917","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Racial disparities in allergic outcomes in African Americans emerge as early as age 2\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Wegienka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Havstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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