{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:44:04Z","timestamp":1774572244725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harvard National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Center"},{"name":"NIH","award":["HL07427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL07427"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing evidence links altered intestinal flora in infancy to eczema and asthma. No studies have investigated the influence of maternal intestinal flora on wheezing and eczema in early childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the link between maternal intestinal flora during pregnancy and development of wheeze and eczema in infancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 60 pregnant women from the Boston area gave stool samples during the third trimester of their pregnancy and answered questions during pregnancy about their own health, and about their children's health when the child was 2 and 6\u00a0months of age. Quantitative culture was performed on stool samples and measured in log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>colony\u2010forming units (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>)\/gram stool. Primary outcomes included infant wheeze and eczema in the first 6\u00a0months of life. Atopic wheeze, defined as wheeze and eczema, was analysed as a secondary outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In multivariate models adjusted for breastfeeding, day care attendance and maternal atopy, higher counts of maternal total aerobes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TA<\/jats:styled-content>) and enterococci (E) were associated with increased risk of infant wheeze (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TA<\/jats:styled-content>:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> OR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.32 for 1 log increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>\/g stool [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.22, 4.42]; E: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.57 [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.06, 2.31]). No organisms were associated with either eczema or atopic wheeze.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our cohort, higher maternal total aerobes and enterococci were related to increased risk of infant wheeze. Maternal intestinal flora may be an important environmental exposure in early immune system development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03950.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,28]],"date-time":"2011-12-28T10:39:13Z","timestamp":1325068753000},"page":"901-908","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Maternal intestinal flora and wheeze in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"N. E.","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Laboratory Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Celed\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Forno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology University of Miami Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. P.","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital and UCSF Medical School San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Onderdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Bry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"DuBois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Laboratory Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. T.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Laboratory Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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