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Subsequent clinical trials showed benefits of macrolides as long\u2010term adjuncts in the treatment of a spectrum of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases, particularly diffuse panbronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis, post\u2010transplant bronchiolitis obliterans and more recently chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPD<\/jats:styled-content>). The evidence for efficacy of macrolides in the long\u2010term treatment of chronic asthma and bronchiectasis is less well established. The mechanism(s) of action of macrolides in the treatment of these diseases remains unexplained, but may be due to their antibacterial and\/or anti\u2010inflammatory actions, which include reductions in interleukin\u20108 production, neutrophil migration and\/or function. Macrolides have additional potentially beneficial properties including anti\u2010viral actions and an ability to restore corticosteroid sensitivity. The increased prescribing of macrolides for long\u2010term treatment could result in the development of microbial resistance and adverse drug effects. New macrolides have been developed which do not possess any antimicrobial activity and hence lack the ability to produce microbial resistance, but which still retain immunomodulatory effects. Potentially novel macrolides may overcome a significant barrier to the use of this type of drug for the long\u2010term treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03979.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,9]],"date-time":"2012-02-09T18:09:32Z","timestamp":1328810972000},"page":"1302-1312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Long\u2010term macrolide treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases: risks, benefits and future developments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"E. 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