{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:13:35Z","timestamp":1791274415504,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,16]],"date-time":"2012-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1342396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early\u2010life exposure to environmental microbial agents may be associated with development of wheezing and allergic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the association of microbial exposure in rural homes with the risk of asthma, wheezing, atopic dermatitis and sensitization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birth cohorts of rural children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01133), half from farmer families, were followed up from birth to 2\u00a0years of age by questionnaires in five European centres. Endotoxin and extracellular polysaccharides (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPS<\/jats:styled-content>) of <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> spp. were determined from living room floor and mother's mattress dust samples collected at 2\u00a0months of age. Specific IgE against 19 allergens was measured at 1\u00a0year of age. Discrete\u2010time hazard models, generalized estimations equations (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GEE<\/jats:styled-content>) and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of asthma was inversely associated with the amount of dust (adjusted odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>) 0.73, 95% CI 0.58\u20130.93) and the loads (units\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) of EPS (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.75, 95% CI 0.55\u20131.04) and endotoxin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.79, 95% CI 0.60\u20131.05) in the mother's mattress. Similar associations were seen with wheezing and with living room floor dust. The microbial markers were highly correlated and their effects could not be clearly separated. The inverse associations were seen especially among non\u2010farmers. The risk of sensitization to inhalant allergens increased with increasing endotoxin exposure from mattress dust. No associations were observed with concentrations (units\/g) or with atopic dermatitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The amount and microbial content of house dust were inversely associated with asthma and wheezing, but due to high correlations between microbial agents and amount of dust, it was not possible to disentangle their individual effects. New ways to better measure and represent exposure to environmental microbes, including indexes of biodiversity, are needed especially among farmers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04002.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]],"date-time":"2012-03-22T23:08:07Z","timestamp":1332457687000},"page":"1246-1256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Exposure to microbial agents in house dust and wheezing, atopic dermatitis and atopic sensitization in early childhood: a birth cohort study in rural areas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"A. 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